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Not directly caused by something; happening through a medium or as a secondary result. It describes a relationship where there is an intermediate step between cause and effect.

To accept, concede, or agree with someone's opinion or a fact because it is reasonable and convincing. It implies a rational consent after consideration.

To argue against an existing opinion, claim, or theory with a counter-argument.

Done by choice or at random rather than by reason, necessity, or fixed rules. It can also mean 'arbitrary' in a legal or scientific context.

Deduction; a method of reasoning from general principles to specific conclusions.

Induction; a method of reasoning that uses specific instances or data to form a general conclusion.

To form an opinion or reach a conclusion after considering facts or evidence.

To refute or rebut an opponent's argument or theory by pointing out flaws. A high-level academic word for debate.

A common feature, characteristic, or interest shared by different people, groups, or things (originally from mathematics).

The state or quality of being unavoidable or inevitable; the fact that something cannot be escaped or prevented.