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The presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance which has harmful or poisonous effects.

Relating to the natural world and the impact of human activity on its condition. A key adjective for IELTS environmental science topics.

The physical world including plants, animals, landscapes, and other features and products of the earth, as opposed to humans or human creations.

The weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period. This is a core word for IELTS Task 2 essays on global warming and nature.

The science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil and the rearing of animals. It is often discussed in relation to food security and climate change.

A natural event such as a flood, earthquake, or hurricane that causes great damage or loss of life.

To be abundant or plentiful. Having a large quantity of something, especially resources, knowledge, or experience.

The natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism. It provides the necessary conditions for survival such as food and shelter.

To convert waste into reusable material. It involves processing used materials into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials.

A natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms. Their combustion is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions.