اختبار

The act of quoting or citing a source, authority, or evidence to support an argument or point in a text.

The state of being superior or better than others in quality, performance, or achievement.

The act of expressing something in a particular way, or the specific words used to express it; formulation or phrasing.

The action of strengthening or reinforcing something to make it more effective or resilient. It is frequently used in academic and professional contexts to describe improving skills, relations, or positions.

The act or process of combining two or more things to form a whole; integration.

The state of being unable to read or write; illiteracy. It is also used metaphorically to describe a lack of knowledge in a specific field.

The practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own; plagiarism.

The act of providing someone with a reason for doing something or the state of being enthusiastic about an activity. In a TOEFL context, it refers to psychological or educational drivers of behavior.

The act of guiding, directing, or providing instructions. Often refers to 'academic advising' or 'guidance' in a university setting (TOEFL campus life).

The act of making something deeper, whether physically or metaphorically (such as knowledge, relationships, or understanding).