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The quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number of times one value contains or is contained within the other. It is a mathematical term for a ratio or rate.

A proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation. Common in academic science texts and research methodologies.

To collect or gather information, materials, or items systematically.

Being exact and accurate in every detail. Often used for measurements, calculations, or descriptions.

To undergo a process of gradual development or change over a long period, often referring to complex systems or biological species.

The loss or reduction of something (like energy, materials, or value) due to use, friction, or natural processes.

To spread out or scatter over a wide area; often used for ideas, diseases, gases, or information.

To identify and distinguish the qualities or authenticity of something. It is often used for evaluating art, products, or scientific samples.

To determine, measure, or test a value, quantity, or chemical property through scientific methods.

The state or fact of continuing to live or exist, typically in spite of an accident, ordeal, or difficult circumstances.