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To consider something theoretically or separately from its physical reality. It involves extracting general principles from specific examples.

A room or office where a professor or researcher conducts research and meets with students; can also refer to a laboratory.

An object made by a human being, typically one of cultural or historical interest. It is something left behind by ancestors or from a past age.

The point where something begins or from which it derives; the source or root cause of something.

To be in sharp contrast or showing striking differences when compared. It describes two things that are very different from each other.

To be consistent from beginning to end without change. It describes behavior, logic, or policies that remain steady.

A thing that represents or stands for something else, especially a material object representing something abstract.

To write a book, article, or any literary/academic work professionally or for a specific purpose.

To give a formal commentary or a critical review of something, such as a piece of writing, a policy, or an event.

The tone or manner of speaking or writing that expresses an attitude. Identifying the speaker's tone is a common TOEFL Listening/Reading task.