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The natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism. It provides the necessary conditions for survival such as food and shelter.

A natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms. Their combustion is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions.

Relating to the natural world and the impact of human activity on its condition. A key adjective for IELTS environmental science topics.

Substances that cause pollution in the environment, such as chemicals or waste.

To convert waste into reusable material. It involves processing used materials into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials.

To use up or consume energy, resources, time, or materials completely during a process.

Great damage or loss of life caused by natural events (like earthquakes) or human accidents. It corresponds to 'disaster' or 'calamity'.

Unwanted or unusable materials that are discarded after use. It is the formal academic term for 'waste' or 'trash'.

The temperature of the air in the atmosphere. It refers to how hot or cold the weather is.

The act of using up or exhausting resources, energy, or time. It implies a reduction in the available amount.