标准

The internal structure, composition, or arrangement of a complex object, such as a machine, a biological organism, or a geological formation.

To improve something by making small changes, especially regarding technology, seeds/breeds in agriculture, or social systems. It is less radical than 'reform' (改革).

The process of one thing replacing another in a regular or cyclical way, such as seasons, generations, or historical eras.

A formal term combining 'investigation' (调查) and 'research' (研究). It refers to the process of gathering data and analyzing it for professional or academic purposes.

To carry out a systematic investigation into a subject to establish facts or reach new conclusions. It can also mean to study or consider something carefully.

A particular attitude or way of considering a matter; an opinion or standpoint.

Facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis.

The outcome or consequence of an action, process, or event.

To talk about something with another person or a group in order to exchange ideas or decide something.

Noticeable or striking; having a major effect. Often used to describe changes or differences in data.