纵向

A fact or situation that is observed to exist or happen, especially one whose cause or explanation is in question. In academic tasks, it often refers to social or natural occurrences.

Happening or changing slowly over a period of time. It describes a steady, incremental process.

A feeling, type of behavior, or physical process that happens as a result of something else. In science, it refers to chemical or physiological changes.

To show that something is true by providing facts, information, or logic. It can also refer to a formal document like a certificate.

A supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation; to take something as true for the sake of argument.

To regularly check, track, or observe something for a specific purpose, such as health, environment, or performance. A key term for IELTS Academic reading and writing.

A series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order. It can refer to time, biological processes, or economic patterns.

Relating to the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting behavior in a given context. It is a frequent topic in education and health sections of the IELTS.

To remove or eliminate something from consideration or a physical space. Crucial for describing experimental controls or logical deductions.

A group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding. It is a fundamental category in biological classification.