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The degree to which a test or research actually measures what it claims to measure; validity.

To exclude something or someone from a group, list, or consideration. It is the opposite of inclusion.

The process of categorizing or classifying things into specific types or patterns based on shared characteristics.

The goal, direction, or target that one aims for or moves toward. It represents the ideal state or objective of a policy, research, or individual effort.

To recognize or distinguish something by identifying its specific characteristics. It is used in scientific or data-heavy contexts to describe telling things apart.

A specific item or clause in a legal document, contract, or set of rules. It details particular conditions or requirements.

The progress or advancement of a task, project, or work. It refers to how much a job has moved forward.

To form a concept or idea out of something, or to represent something as a concept. It involves abstracting general principles from specific instances to create a structured understanding.

Relating to something that is less important than the main thing; secondary or subordinate. Often used to distinguish between primary and secondary causes or effects.

The act of getting a hint or coming up with a new idea from observing a specific phenomenon or situation. It refers to the origin of an idea or insight.