استنساخ

The state of being scarce or in short supply; rarity. Common in TOEFL passages regarding economics, resources, or rare species.

A substance or factor that increases the rate of a chemical reaction or encourages a process to happen. In a broader context, it refers to any incentive or stimulus that provokes activity or change.

A particular order in which related events, movements, or things follow each other. It is also used in biology to describe the order of nucleotides in DNA.

The state of being twisted together or intertwined in a complex way. It is often used to describe complex systems, neural networks, or complicated social relationships.

The process of adjusting or conforming to new conditions or environments. In biology, it refers to the evolutionary process where a population becomes better suited to its habitat.

The process of gradually disappearing, fading away, or becoming null. Used in physics (waves) or metaphorical contexts (hopes, memories).

The process of crossing two different species or varieties to create a new offspring with desirable traits. In technology, it refers to mixing two different systems.

The process of breaking down or decaying into simpler components, whether biologically (organic matter) or chemically. It can also refer to the dissolution of an agreement.

The process of becoming smaller in size, amount, or scope. It can refer to physical shrinkage (muscles, materials) or abstract reduction (economy, population).

The process of a liquid turning into vapor. It is a fundamental concept in TOEFL physics, chemistry, and meteorology passages.