Grammar Hub
Browse the grammar system by level and category, then open clear explanations with practical examples.
Total Rules
271
Matches
271
Categories
22
Pages
10
A1
146
A2
104
B1
20
B2
1
C1
0
C2
0
All Spanish nouns have grammatical gender (masculine or feminine). Most nouns ending in -o are masculine, and most ending in -a are feminine.
Definite articles (the) must agree with the gender and number of the noun: el (masculine singular), la (feminine singular), los (masculine plural), las (feminine plural).
Indefinite articles (a, an, some) agree with gender and number: un (masculine singular), una (feminine singular), unos (masculine plural), unas (feminine plural).
Add -s to nouns ending in vowels; add -es to nouns ending in consonants. Nouns ending in -z change z→c before adding -es.
Common patterns: -o = masculine (libro), -a = feminine (mesa). Exceptions: el día, la mano, el mapa, la foto. Learn gender with each noun.
After the verb 'ser' (to be), professions usually omit the article unless modified by an adjective.
Adjectives must agree in gender with nouns. Adjectives ending in -o change to -a for feminine nouns.
Adjectives must agree in number (singular/plural) with nouns. Add -s or -es following noun plural rules.
Most adjectives in Spanish come after the noun they modify, unlike English.
Some common adjectives (grande, pequeño, bueno, malo, mucho, poco) often come before the noun.
Before masculine singular nouns, bueno → buen, malo → mal, grande → gran.
Adjectives ending in -e don't change for gender. They only change for number (plural).
Subject pronouns: yo (I), tú (you informal), él (he), ella (she), usted (you formal), nosotros/as (we), vosotros/as (you plural informal - Spain), ellos/as (they), ustedes (you plural).
Spanish often omits subject pronouns because verb conjugations indicate the subject. Use pronouns for emphasis or clarity.
Tú is informal (friends, family, peers); usted is formal (strangers, elders, professional contexts). Usted uses third-person verb forms.
Demonstratives show proximity: este/esta (this - near speaker), ese/esa (that - near listener), aquel/aquella (that over there - far from both). They agree in gender and number.
Regular -AR verbs (hablar, estudiar, trabajar) conjugate: -o, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an. Remove -ar and add endings.
Regular -ER verbs (comer, beber, leer) conjugate: -o, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en. Remove -er and add endings.
Regular -IR verbs (vivir, escribir, abrir) conjugate: -o, -es, -e, -imos, -ís, -en. Remove -ir and add endings.
Ser (soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son) expresses identity, characteristics, origin, profession, time, and permanent states.
Estar (estoy, estás, está, estamos, estáis, están) expresses location, temporary states, and conditions.
SER = permanent/essential (identity, characteristics, origin, time, profession). ESTAR = temporary/location (position, conditions, emotions, progressive).
Tener (to have) is irregular: tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen. Used for possession and age.
Ir (to go) is highly irregular: voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van. Used for movement and future plans.
Hacer (to do/make) is irregular in the first person: hago, haces, hace, hacemos, hacéis, hacen.
Some verbs change e→ie in the stem for all forms except nosotros and vosotros. Common verbs: querer (want), preferir (prefer), pensar (think).
Some verbs change o→ue in the stem for all forms except nosotros and vosotros. Common verbs: poder (can), dormir (sleep), volver (return).
Reflexive verbs use reflexive pronouns (me, te, se, nos, os, se) before the verb. Common: llamarse (to be called), levantarse (to get up).
Gustar (to like) works backwards from English. Use 'me/te/le/nos/os/les + gusta (singular) / gustan (plural)'. The thing liked is the subject.
'Hay' means both 'there is' and 'there are'. It's the impersonal form of haber and doesn't change for singular/plural.
auth.start_learning_languages_free
Start Learning FreeWe use cookies to enhance your experience, analyze site traffic, and personalize content. Learn more