Grammar Hub
Browse the grammar system by level and category, then open clear explanations with practical examples.
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Portuguese uses the Latin alphabet with 26 letters. The letters K, W, Y are used only in foreign words and names.
Portuguese has 5 written vowels (a, e, i, o, u) but many vowel sounds. Vowels can be open, closed, nasal, or reduced.
Portuguese has nasal vowels marked by til (~) or followed by m/n. Air passes through nose and mouth.
All Portuguese nouns have grammatical gender (masculine or feminine). Usually -o = masculine, -a = feminine.
Definite articles (the) agree with noun gender and number: o/a (singular), os/as (plural).
Indefinite articles (a/an) agree with noun gender and number: um/uma (singular), uns/umas (plural).
Subject pronouns: eu (I), você/tu (you), ele/ela (he/she), nós (we), vocês (you pl.), eles/elas (they).
Regular -ar verbs form present tense by removing -ar and adding: -o, -a, -a, -amos, -am, -am.
Regular -er verbs form present tense by removing -er and adding: -o, -e, -e, -emos, -em, -em.
Regular -ir verbs form present tense by removing -ir and adding: -o, -e, -e, -imos, -em, -em.
SER expresses permanent or essential characteristics: identity, origin, occupation, time, dates.
ESTAR expresses temporary states, location, ongoing conditions, emotions.
TER expresses possession, age, and physical sensations.
IR is an irregular verb expressing movement or future actions.
FAZER is an irregular verb for actions and weather expressions.
Most nouns form plurals by adding -s to words ending in vowels.
Words ending in consonants (except -s) add -es to form plurals.
Words ending in -ão have three plural patterns: -ões, -ães, -ãos (must be memorized).
Portuguese uses Subject-Verb-Object word order in declarative sentences.
Form questions using question words: O que? (what?), Quem? (who?), Onde? (where?), Quando? (when?), Por quê? (why?), Como? (how?).
Form yes/no questions with rising intonation or inversion (less common in Brazilian Portuguese).
Form negative sentences by placing não before the verb.
Adjectives must agree with nouns in gender and number.
Most adjectives follow the noun, but some common adjectives can precede it.
Possessive adjectives agree with the possessed item, not the possessor.
In Brazilian Portuguese, possessives are often used with definite articles.
Three levels of demonstratives: este (this - near speaker), esse (that - near listener), aquele (that - far from both).
Prepositions contract with articles: de + o = do, em + o = no, a + o = ao, por + o = pelo.
DE indicates origin, possession, material, or part of something.
EM indicates location, time, or means of transportation.
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