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Fine particulate matter in the air that is harmful to health. It is a major environmental and health topic in IELTS, especially regarding air quality and urban living.

A state of net-zero carbon dioxide emissions achieved by balancing emissions with removal or eliminating emissions altogether.

The release of carbon (especially carbon dioxide) into the atmosphere through human activities like burning fossil fuels.

Lacking judgment, discretion, or thought. It refers to doing something indiscriminately or recklessly without careful consideration.

The act of reducing the amount, size, or number of something, especially regarding costs, personnel, or harmful emissions.

To exist together at the same time or in the same place. It refers to living in harmony despite differences in nature or belief.

The specific source or cause of environmental pollution, such as a factory or vehicle emissions.

The act of living together or coexisting in a way that is mutually beneficial, often used for different species or social groups.

To damage, spoil, or harm the value, appearance, or state of something. It can be used for physical objects (nature, monuments) or abstract concepts (reputation, dignity).

The quality of lasting for a long time or forever without change. It implies a state of permanence or eternal stability.