إحصاء

A formal discussion on a particular topic in which opposing arguments are put forward, commonly found in academic or political settings.

Something that is needed or required as a prior condition for something else to happen.

The process of providing evidence or official records to support a claim; documentation or authentication.

The area, range, or scope within which something exists, acts, or has influence. It can refer to physical boundaries or abstract limits.

A principle or regulation governing conduct, action, or procedure; also refers to the lowest part or edge of something that it rests on (base).

A determined effort or attempt to achieve a specific goal; an endeavor or pursuit.

The state or quality of being wide or large in area or scope; expansion or increase in width.

The act of taking something apart into its separate pieces or components; in an academic sense, it refers to analyzing a complex idea by breaking it down.

The content, substance, or essence of a message, book, or speech. It can also mean 'guaranteed' as an adjective, but in TOEFL, it usually refers to the 'content' of a text.

The real meaning or importance of something, especially when it is not immediately obvious; the significance or point of a story or action.