إحصاء

The official recognition of a status or quality (accreditation), or the state of relying on something (reliance).

The action of challenging or disagreeing with a statement, plan, or law. Crucial for TOEFL Integrated Speaking/Writing where one source disagrees with another.

The quality of being exact, correct, or precise. It is a critical requirement in scientific experiments, mathematical calculations, and academic reporting.

The process of getting or learning something, such as a skill, habit, or knowledge. It implies a gradual process of internalizing something.

To mention or discuss a particular subject or topic briefly or as part of a larger discussion.

To suppose that something is the case on the basis of probability or theory rather than proof. This is a key verb for TOEFL listening and speaking tasks.

General agreement among a group of people; consensus.

Great effort or diligence in work or study; also refers to independent legal reasoning in Islamic law.

A passage or expression that is quoted or cited from a text or speech; the act of borrowing ideas or words.

A detailed examination of the elements or structure of something. It involves breaking a complex topic into smaller parts to gain a better understanding.