استنتاج

The action of challenging or disagreeing with a statement, plan, or law. Crucial for TOEFL Integrated Speaking/Writing where one source disagrees with another.

The act of relying on or being based on a specific source of information, theory, or evidence. Essential for citing sources in academic writing.

A small individual part of something larger; a minute item or particular. Vital for TOEFL 'Detail' questions in reading and listening.

The act of presenting, submitting, or introducing something. Frequently used for 'submitting an application' or 'giving a presentation' in TOEFL.

The act of making something easier to do or understand. Common in TOEFL when discussing how complex theories are explained to the public.

A position on a scale of amount, quality, or importance; or a flat surface. Frequently used for 'educational level' or 'sea level' in TOEFL.

A word or phrase used to describe a specific thing or to express a concept, especially within a particular field of study or profession.

To point out or show something. In academic writing, it is used to direct attention to a fact, a source, or a piece of evidence.

The practice or quality of including or involving people from a range of different social and ethnic backgrounds and of different genders, sexual orientations, etc.

Describing things that are incompatible, contradictory, or at variance with each other. It is frequently used to describe evidence, opinions, or reports.