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Advanced Sentence Architecture
Control and Raising in Hindi Complement
Use infinitives to link actions when the doer is the same or clearly targeted, avoiding clunky 'ki' clauses.
The Rule in 30 Seconds
- Control links subjects across clauses.
- Subject Control: I want to go.
- Object Control: I told him to go.
- Raising: He seems to be tired.
Quick Reference
| Pattern Type | Structure | Key Verbs | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Subject Control | Subj + V-inf + Main Verb | chahna, sakna, paana | Main **khelna** chahta hoon |
| Object Control (1) | Subj + Obj-ko + V-inf + Main Verb | dena (to let), sikhana | Usne mujhe **jaane** diya |
| Object Control (2) | Subj + Obj-se + V-ne ke liye + Main Verb | kehna, puchna (to ask to) | Maine usse **rukne** ke liye kaha |
| Raising (Subj) | Subj + Adj/Noun + lagna | lagna (seem), dikhna (appear) | Voh udaas **lagta** hai |
| Raising (Obj) | Subj-ko + Adj/Noun + lagna | lagna (feel to someone) | Mujhe **dar** lagta hai |
| Involuntary | Subj-se + V-inf + nahi + jaana | jaana (passive capacity) | Mujhse **chal** nahi jaata |
Exemples clés
3 sur 9मैं घर जाना चाहता हूँ।
I want to go home.
माँ ने बच्चों को खेलने दिया।
Mom let the kids play.
पुलिस ने चोर को भागने से रोका।
The police stopped the thief from running.
The 'Lagna' Cheat Code
If you aren't sure if someone IS rich or just ACTING rich, use 'lagna'. 'Ameer hai' = Rich. 'Ameer lagta hai' = Seems rich. Safe bet!
Kehna vs. Bolna
For commands (Object Control), always use 'kehna' (maine usse kaha). 'Bolna' is just speaking, 'kehna' is telling/asking.
The Rule in 30 Seconds
- Control links subjects across clauses.
- Subject Control: I want to go.
- Object Control: I told him to go.
- Raising: He seems to be tired.
Overview
Welcome to the VIP section of Hindi grammar! Today we're tackling Control and Raising. Sounds like a sci-fi movie plot, right? In reality, it's just about who is doing what in complex sentences. "Control" is when one part of the sentence (the boss) decides the subject of the next part. "Raising" is when a word gets promoted from a lower clause to a higher one. Mastering this makes your Hindi flow like a river instead of choppy little puddles.
How This Works
Imagine a sentence has two mini-events.
- 1Control: The subject of the main verb "controls" the action of the second verb. For example, "I want to go." I want, and I go. The "I" does double duty.
- 2Raising: A noun from the second part gets pulled up to the front. In English: "It seems Ram is sick" → "Ram seems sick." Hindi does this too, especially with verbs like
lagna(to seem).
Formation Pattern
- 1Let's break it down into steps so you don't get a headache.
- 2Subject Control (The Self-Starter):
- 3Subject + [Infinitive Verb] + Main Verb.
- 4Example:
Main(I) +jaana(to go) +chahta hoon(want). - 5*Result:*
Main jaana chahta hoon. - 6Object Control (The Delegator):
- 7Subject + Object (
ko/se) + [Oblique Infinitivene] +ke liye+ Main Verb. - 8OR: Subject + Object (
ko) + [Infinitive] + Main Verb (for verbs likedena). - 9Example:
Maine(I) +Ram se(Ram) +jaane ke liye(to go) +kaha(said). - 10*Result:*
Maine Ram se jaane ke liye kaha. - 11Raising (The Illusionist):
- 12Subject + Adjective/Noun +
lagna. - 13Example:
Ram+bimaar(sick) +lagta hai(seems). - 14*Result:*
Ram bimaar lagta hai.
When To Use It
Use Control when you want to express desire, ability, or permission without repeating the person's name. It's cleaner.
- "I want to eat" (Subject Control) is better than "I want that I eat."
Use Raising (specifically with lagna or dikhna) when describing impressions or appearances.
- "He seems tired" sounds more natural than "It seems that he is tired."
Use Object Control when you are ordering, asking, or allowing someone else to do something.
- "Tell him to stop" or "Let her speak."
When Not To Use It
Don't force these patterns if the subjects are totally different and have no logical connection. If the sentence is getting too long and clunky with infinitives, just switch to a ki (that) clause.
- Bad:
Maine uske jaane ki ichha ki(I desired his going) - a bit heavy. - Better:
Main chahta hoon ki voh jaaye(I want that he goes).
Common Mistakes
- The Case of the Wrong Case: Using
kowhen you needsewith verbs likekehna(to say/tell). You say to someone (se), you don't do itkothem. - Agreement Amnesia: In Raising (
lagna), the verb agrees with the raised subject (Ram lagta hai,Sita lagti hai). Don't default to masculine singular unless the subject is hidden! - Infinitive Ending: Forgetting to change the infinitive to
newhen followed byke liye. It'sjaane ke liye, notjaana ke liye. Even native speakers slur this sometimes, but you shouldn't!
Contrast With Similar Patterns
- Control vs.
KiClauses:
Main jaana chahta hoon (Control - tighter, faster) VS Main chahta hoon ki main jaaun (Clause - redundant, clunky).
- Raising vs. Simple Adjectives:
Voh bimaar hai (Fact: He is sick) VS Voh bimaar lagta hai (Perception: He seems sick). Raising adds nuance/doubt.
Quick FAQ
Q: Can I always replace a ki clause with Control?
*A: Not always. Only when the subjects align (Equi-NP deletion). If "I want" and "You go," you usually need ki or Object Control.*
Q: Why is it called "Raising"?
*A: Linguists love fancy terms. Think of it as "promoting" the noun from the backstage of the sentence to the spotlight.*
Q: Is this formal Hindi?
*A: It's standard Hindi. You use it everywhere, from buying veggies (dena) to boardroom meetings (kehna).*
Reference Table
| Pattern Type | Structure | Key Verbs | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Subject Control | Subj + V-inf + Main Verb | chahna, sakna, paana | Main **khelna** chahta hoon |
| Object Control (1) | Subj + Obj-ko + V-inf + Main Verb | dena (to let), sikhana | Usne mujhe **jaane** diya |
| Object Control (2) | Subj + Obj-se + V-ne ke liye + Main Verb | kehna, puchna (to ask to) | Maine usse **rukne** ke liye kaha |
| Raising (Subj) | Subj + Adj/Noun + lagna | lagna (seem), dikhna (appear) | Voh udaas **lagta** hai |
| Raising (Obj) | Subj-ko + Adj/Noun + lagna | lagna (feel to someone) | Mujhe **dar** lagta hai |
| Involuntary | Subj-se + V-inf + nahi + jaana | jaana (passive capacity) | Mujhse **chal** nahi jaata |
The 'Lagna' Cheat Code
If you aren't sure if someone IS rich or just ACTING rich, use 'lagna'. 'Ameer hai' = Rich. 'Ameer lagta hai' = Seems rich. Safe bet!
Kehna vs. Bolna
For commands (Object Control), always use 'kehna' (maine usse kaha). 'Bolna' is just speaking, 'kehna' is telling/asking.
Oblique Infinitives
Whenever you see a postposition like 'ke liye', 'ko', 'se', or 'par' after a verb, that verb MUST change ending to 'ne'. Jaana -> Jaane.
Softening Requests
Using 'dena' (to let) is polite. 'Mujhe bolne do' (Let me speak) is better than just interrupting. It's the 'excuse me' of grammar.
Exemples
9मैं घर जाना चाहता हूँ।
Focus: jaana
I want to go home.
Standard Subject Control. 'Main' is the subject for both 'chahta' and 'jaana'.
माँ ने बच्चों को खेलने दिया।
Focus: khelne
Mom let the kids play.
Object Control with 'dena' (to let). Mom controls the permission; kids do the playing.
पुलिस ने चोर को भागने से रोका।
Focus: bhaagne se
The police stopped the thief from running.
Object Control using 'rokna' (to stop) which takes 'se'.
यह सवाल मुश्किल लगता है।
Focus: lagta hai
This question seems difficult.
Raising. The question isn't 'doing' the seeming; the speaker perceives it.
मैंने उसको जाने के लिए कहा।
Focus: usko
I told him to go.
Correction: With 'kaha' (said/told), use 'se' for the person, not 'ko'. -> Maine usse jaane ke liye kaha.
मैंने उससे जाने के लिए कहा।
Focus: usse
I told him to go.
Correct Object Control usage with 'kehna' and 'se'.
वह पढ़ा-लिखा दिखता है।
Focus: dikhta hai
He appears educated.
Raising with 'dikhna'. He appears [to be] educated.
उसने मुझे झूठ बोलने पर मजबूर किया।
Focus: majboor kiya
He forced me to lie.
Advanced: Causative/Force phrasing. Object Control with 'par'.
मुझे बारिश होने की उम्मीद है।
Focus: hone ki
I expect it to rain.
Edge case: Genitive construction functioning like control.
Teste-toi
Choose the correct postposition for the person being told to do something.
Maine Rahul ___ chup rehne ke liye kaha.
With the verb 'kehna' (to tell/say), the person addressed takes 'se'.
Select the correct verb form for 'letting' someone do something.
Usne mujhe andar nahi aane ___.
The verb 'dena' is used for 'to let/allow'. 'Aane diya' = let come.
Complete the Raising sentence.
Tum aaj bahut khush ___ ho.
'Lagte ho' means 'seem' or 'look'. 'Tum khush lagte ho' = You seem happy.
🎉 Score : /3
Aides visuelles
Telling vs. Letting
Choosing Your Structure
Is the doer the same for both actions?
Is it a desire or ability?
Use Subject Control?
Raising Verbs
Appearance
- • Lagna (Seem)
- • Dikhna (Look)
Outcome
- • Nikalna (Turn out)
- • Saabit hona (Prove)
Questions fréquentes
20 questionsYes, but you can't use the simple infinitive pattern then. You must use a ki clause. Main chahta hoon ki tum jao (I want that you go).
Not always. Lagna has many meanings like 'to attach' or 'to feel'. But when used with an adjective like bura lagna (to feel bad/seem bad), it behaves like Raising.
Dena (to give/let) treats Ram as the recipient of permission, hence the ko marker.
Kehna implies an order or request (Control). Batana is just sharing information. Maine usse jaane ke liye kaha (Order). Maine usse bataya ki main ja raha hoon (Info).
In casual speech, yes. Maine usse jaane ko kaha. Replacing ke liye with ko is common colloquially, but ke liye is safer for exams.
Yes! The main verb (the boss) agrees with the main Subject. Sita jaana chahti hai (Sita wants). Ram jaana chahta hai (Ram wants).
Use mujh. Usne mujhse kaha (He told me). Usne mujhe jaane diya (He let me go).
Yes! It controls the action. Voh rone laga (He started crying - special construction) or Usne rona shuru kiya.
Main seekhne ki koshish kar raha hoon. Note the ki! Koshish is a noun, so it connects with ki.
Absolutely. Voh jeet-ta hua lagta hai (He seems to be winning) or Voh jeetega aisa lagta hai. Pure raising is common with present/past.
Constantly. 'Mujhe peene do' (Let me drink), 'Dil chahta hai' (The heart wants). It's everywhere.
Unfortunately, yes. But the rule of thumb: If you are 'giving' permission -> ko. If you are 'speaking' to someone -> se.
Yes, sakna is a modal auxiliary that strictly follows Subject Control. Main kar sakta hoon (I can do).
Rare in Hindi. English has 'I believe him to be smart'. Hindi prefers 'I believe that he is smart' (Maan-na + ki).
Majboor karna (to force) usually takes ko for the person being forced. Usne Ram ko majboor kiya.
Put nahi before the main verb. Main jaana nahi chahta.
You can for emphasis, but standard order keeps them close. Jaana main chahta hoon (poetic/dramatic).
Yes. Main naachna pasand karta hoon (I like to dance).
Different topic! Chal diy (walked off) is a compound verb. Jaane diya (let go) is Control/Permissive.
Yes. Kaha gaya (It was said). Raising often happens in passive contexts too.
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