排他的

Relating to or available to the community or the people as a whole, rather than being private or individual.

The position in a list that shows how good someone or something is compared to others; ranking or order.

A scandalous or regrettable incident, often involving misconduct or illegal activity by a public figure or organization.

The local community; the people living in a particular area considered as a unit.

A benefit or advantage derived from something. Used in IELTS for discussing the pros of technology or nature.

A transformation or change in form, appearance, or character. It is often used to describe deep social or cultural changes.

A difference or inequality between groups of people, such as in income, education, or social status. A key term for sociological discussions in IELTS.

The condition of being transparent; specifically, the requirement for openness and accountability in organizations or governments.

The trend of a declining birthrate leading to a decrease in the number of children in a population.

Harmful effects, evils, or negative consequences resulting from a particular system, habit, or situation.