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A person who applies for a job or is nominated for an election or award.

A condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position. Frequently used in IELTS to compare options or strategies.

The standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something. In physics, it also means mass.

Latent qualities or abilities that may be developed and lead to future success or usefulness. Often used in discussions about economic growth or student achievement.

A plan of action or policy designed to achieve a major or overall aim. Essential for IELTS discussions on environment, business, and education.

To be in charge of a business, organization, or project. It involves organizing, directing, and controlling resources to achieve goals.

To make or manufacture goods, or to produce something through a natural process. In a biological context, it also refers to giving birth.

A situation involving exposure to danger, harm, or loss. It is the possibility that something unpleasant will happen.

To change something slightly in order to make it more correct, effective, or suitable.

The action of buying and selling goods and services. In an academic context, it usually refers to international commerce between nations.