原理

A set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or system.

The state or process of a species, family, or larger group being or becoming extinct. A high-frequency word in IELTS Academic reading passages about biodiversity.

The process or period of gathering in crops, or the results/gains from an activity. Used in IELTS for agriculture or describing the outcome of research.

To converge, contract, or come together to a single point. It is used in biology (convergent evolution), mathematics, and discussions about opinions merging.

To exist or intervene between two or more things. It often refers to a medium, a third party, or a biological/chemical intermediary.

Refers to the inherent character, nature, or fundamental property of a person or a substance. In a scientific context, it describes the physical or chemical characteristics that define how a material behaves.

The act of trying something out to see if it works or to collect data; a trial or test run.

The process of adjusting or adapting to new conditions, environments, or circumstances.

Saturation. A state where no more of something can be absorbed, added, or combined. It is used in chemistry, economics (market saturation), and psychology.

A shift, variation, or mutation in state, position, or characteristics. It is used in biology for genetic variation and in linguistics or sociology for shifts in trends.