原理

The state or process of a species, family, or larger group being or becoming extinct. A high-frequency word in IELTS Academic reading passages about biodiversity.

The process or period of gathering in crops, or the results/gains from an activity. Used in IELTS for agriculture or describing the outcome of research.

To converge, contract, or come together to a single point. It is used in biology (convergent evolution), mathematics, and discussions about opinions merging.

To exist or intervene between two or more things. It often refers to a medium, a third party, or a biological/chemical intermediary.

Refers to the inherent character, nature, or fundamental property of a person or a substance. In a scientific context, it describes the physical or chemical characteristics that define how a material behaves.

The act of trying something out to see if it works or to collect data; a trial or test run.

The process of adjusting or adapting to new conditions, environments, or circumstances.

Saturation. A state where no more of something can be absorbed, added, or combined. It is used in chemistry, economics (market saturation), and psychology.

A shift, variation, or mutation in state, position, or characteristics. It is used in biology for genetic variation and in linguistics or sociology for shifts in trends.

The direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology, often used to create crops with specific traits like pest resistance.