지칭하다

To collect and combine various things (like theories, information, or works) into a single, comprehensive, and organized whole.

To be contrary to or in opposition with a certain principle, standard, or common sense. (Note: Also means 'to be deployed', but this academic usage is crucial for IELTS).

The strength or power to survive and continue living or existing. It can refer to biological life or the enduring quality of an idea, culture, or organization.

The quality of being extremely thorough, accurate, and strict in following rules or logic. It refers to scientific or logical rigor.

A state of opposition or conflict between two or more parties, ideas, or forces. It describes a situation where different interests or viewpoints clash.

A sudden and steep decline or drop in value, price, or number. It is used to describe a rapid downward movement in statistics.

Research that focuses on quantifying the collection and analysis of data, often using statistical methods to generalize results across a population.

Research that focuses on understanding human behavior, emotions, and experiences from the subjects' perspective, often using interviews or observation.

To express or represent something in terms of numerical values or numbers.

A point where two things meet or intersect. Metaphorically, it refers to a common ground or a point of connection between different ideas or groups.