Advanced Participle

हुआ (hua) is a participle marker (meaning 'become' or 'happened') used to form adjectives. था (tha) is just the past tense 'was'. Tuta hua = broken. Tuta tha = it broke (in the past).

Almost any verb! But be careful with transitive verbs (verbs with objects) in the perfective form (ya hua), as they imply a passive state. Likha hua khat = Written letter.

Just like sitting, standing is viewed as a state you have achieved. You rose (उठना (uthna)), and now you are in the state of standing (khada hua).

Not strictly. Jalta deep (burning lamp) works fine. But हुआ (hua) adds emphasis to the specific state or action occurring at that moment.

You can say Kitaab padhta hua aadmi. It puts the object (किताब (kitaab)) before the participle.

Only if it is in the oblique case (followed by a postposition like को (ko), से (se), पर (par)) or functioning as an adverb. Otherwise, use हुआ (hua).

This is an idiom meaning 'doing'. Ye sab uska kiya dhara hai (This is all his doing). It uses the perfective participle substantively.

Use na or bina before it. Na jala hua (Unburnt) or more commonly bina jala.

Yes, bina (without) is often followed by the past participle. Bina soche (Without thinking).

Yes! Thaka hua comes from thakna (to tire). Since you are already tired, it is perfective: thaka hua.

Yes, you can pair them for dramatic effect. Voh rota-bilakhta hua aaya (He came crying and wailing).

No, हुआ (hua) comes from होना (hona), but in this specific participle construction, it conjugates as hua/hue/hui. Hote is a different conjugation used in conditionals or continuous tenses.

Rangi hui deewar. Rangna is to paint; the wall has received the action, so it is perfective.

Close! It's more like 'hoo-ay'. Soft 'h'.

Wala implies a doer or a permanent characteristic (doodhwala - milkman). हुआ (hua) implies a current state or action. Chalne wala = someone who walks/is about to walk. चलता हुआ (chalta hua) = someone currently walking.

Not really. Participles describe the noun *as it is*. For future, use wala (aane wala - about to come).

Change हुआ (hua) to हुए (hue) and the verb ending to ते (te) (imperfective) or e (perfective). Daudte hue ghode (Running horses).

For perfective, insert y. So (sleep) -> सोया हुआ (सोया हुआ (Soya hua)). Pi (drink) -> Piya hua.

It is standard Hindi. It's not overly formal, but it is certainly more polished than breaking everything into simple sentences.

Absolutely. Girti hui building (The falling building).

If the noun the participle describes is followed by a postposition, the participle must inflect. Sote hue sher ke paas mat jao (Don't go near the sleeping lion).