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Adding Color to Actions

本章节第 2 条规则，共 6 条
B2 verbs_advanced 3分钟阅读

Expressing Completed Actions Using V-

标记为已学

Combine a verb root with 'lena', 'dena', or 'jana' to show an action is thoroughly completed.

The Rule in 30 Seconds

  • Verb Root + Helper Verb = Completed Action.
  • Adds nuance of 'totally' or 'completely'.
  • Avoid using in negative sentences.
  • Helper verbs lose literal meaning.

Quick Reference

Main Verb (Root) Helper Verb Compound Form Meaning Nuance
kha (eat) lena (take) kha lena eat up (for oneself)
de (give) dena (give) de dena give away (completely)
aa (come) jana (go) aa jana arrive / reach
so (sleep) jana (go) so jana fall asleep
pi (drink) lena (take) pi lena drink up
bol (speak) uthna (rise) bol uthna speak up suddenly
gir (fall) padna (fall) gir padna fall down sudden/accidental

关键例句

3 / 9
1

मैंने सारा खाना खा लिया।

I ate up all the food.

2

बस आ गई।

The bus has arrived.

3

उसने मुझे किताब दे दी।

He gave the book to me (completely/handed it over).

🎯

The 'Oops' Factor

If you do something by mistake, use 'jana' or 'padna'. 'Main bhool gaya' (I forgot - oops!). It softens the blow compared to a blunt 'Main bhoola'.

⚠️

Negative Zone

Imagine the word 'Nahin' is allergic to 'liya/diya/gaya' when they are helpers. They just don't hang out together. Drop the helper!

The Rule in 30 Seconds

  • Verb Root + Helper Verb = Completed Action.
  • Adds nuance of 'totally' or 'completely'.
  • Avoid using in negative sentences.
  • Helper verbs lose literal meaning.

Overview

Ready to sound less like a textbook and more like a Bollywood star? You’ve probably mastered the simple past tense—"I ate" (mainne khaya) or "He went" (voh gaya). Good job! But here's the secret sauce: Native speakers rarely stop there. To express that an action is fully done, wrapped up, or completed with a specific impact, we use Compound Verbs. This is the art of taking a Verb Root (V-) and gluing a "helper" verb (like lena, dena, or jana) to it. It’s like adding an exclamation mark to your action!

How This Grammar Works

Think of the main verb as the content (what happened) and the second verb (the helper) as the color (how it happened). The helper verb loses its original meaning (e.g., lena doesn't literally mean "to take" here) and instead adds a shade of "completeness," "self-benefit," or "direction."

  • kha (eat) + lena (take) = kha lena (to eat up / eat for oneself).
  • de (give) + dena (give) = de dena (to give away completely).
  • aa (come) + jana (go) = aa jana (to arrive / reach).

Formation Pattern

  1. 1It's a two-step dance:
  2. 2Take the Root of the main verb (remove na from the infinitive). e.g., karna → kar.
  3. 3Add the conjugated Helper Verb (Vector Verb) immediately after. The helper carries the tense and person.
  4. 4Structure: [ Verb Root ] + [ Conjugated Helper ]
  5. 5*Mainne kaam kiya.* (I did work.) → Neutral.
  6. 6*Mainne kaam kar liya.* (I finished the work.) → Completed/Thorough.

When To Use It

Use this pattern when you want to emphasize:

  • Completeness: The action is totally finished. "I drank the coffee" vs. "I drank up the coffee."
  • Suddenness: Something happened unexpectedly. vo gir pada (He fell down suddenly).
  • Intensity: You did it with force or conviction.

When Not To Use It

  • Negative Sentences: This is the Golden Rule! You rarely use compound verbs with nahin.
  • WRONG: *Mainne khana kha nahin liya.*
  • RIGHT: *Mainne khana nahin khaya.*
  • Progressive Tenses: While possible (kar le raha hun), it's clunky. Stick to simple continuous (kar raha hun).
  • Modal Verbs: Generally, you don't combine sakna or paana with these easily in the same breath.

Common Mistakes

  • Translating the helper: Don't translate lena as "took" in padh liya. You didn't "take a read"; you just "read it completely."
  • Using it in negatives: I repeat, don't say nahin kar liya. Just say nahin kiya.
  • Overusing chukna: Learners love chukna (to have finished), but natives prefer compound verbs. Main kha chuka sounds formal; Mainne kha liya sounds natural.

Contrast With Similar Patterns

  • Simple Past (kiya): Factual, neutral. "I did it."
  • Compound Verb (kar liya): Nuanced, completed. "I did it (and it's done)."
  • Perfective (kar chuka): Formal completion. "I have already done it."

Quick FAQ

Q: Can I use any helper with any verb?

Nope! Certain verbs attract specific helpers. Transitive verbs (actions with objects) usually like lena or dena. Intransitive verbs (motion/state) love jana.

Q: Why lena vs dena?

Lena implies doing something for *yourself* (internal). Dena implies doing it for *someone else* (external).

  • padh lena (read for yourself)
  • padh dena (read it out loud for others)

Reference Table

Main Verb (Root) Helper Verb Compound Form Meaning Nuance
kha (eat) lena (take) kha lena eat up (for oneself)
de (give) dena (give) de dena give away (completely)
aa (come) jana (go) aa jana arrive / reach
so (sleep) jana (go) so jana fall asleep
pi (drink) lena (take) pi lena drink up
bol (speak) uthna (rise) bol uthna speak up suddenly
gir (fall) padna (fall) gir padna fall down sudden/accidental
🎯

The 'Oops' Factor

If you do something by mistake, use 'jana' or 'padna'. 'Main bhool gaya' (I forgot - oops!). It softens the blow compared to a blunt 'Main bhoola'.

⚠️

Negative Zone

Imagine the word 'Nahin' is allergic to 'liya/diya/gaya' when they are helpers. They just don't hang out together. Drop the helper!

💬

Politeness Hack

Using 'de dena' (to give) sounds much more polite and complete than just 'dena'. 'Ye lijiye' (take this) vs 'Ye le lijiye' (please take this).

💡

The Sandwich

Think of the verb root as the meat and the helper verb as the bread holding the tense. You can't just hold the meat (root) alone in a sentence!

例句

9
#1 Maine saara khana kha liya.

मैंने सारा खाना खा लिया।

Focus: kha liya

I ate up all the food.

Shows total consumption.

#2 Bas aa gayi.

बस आ गई।

Focus: aa gayi

The bus has arrived.

Root 'aa' + 'gayi' (from jana).

#3 Usne mujhe kitaab de di.

उसने मुझे किताब दे दी।

Focus: de di

He gave the book to me (completely/handed it over).

'De' implies benefit to others.

#4 Main bhool gaya.

मैं भूल गया।

Focus: bhool gaya

I forgot (completely).

Common phrase for accidental/complete forgetting.

#5 Bachcha so gaya hai.

बच्चा सो गया है।

Focus: so gaya

The child has fallen asleep.

Transition from awake to asleep.

#6 WRONG: Maine kaam kar nahin liya.

✗ मैंने काम कर नहीं लिया।

Focus: kar nahin liya

I didn't finish the work.

Mistake! Don't use compound with negative.

#7 CORRECT: Maine kaam nahin kiya.

✓ मैंने काम नहीं किया।

Focus: nahin kiya

I didn't do the work.

Use simple past for negatives.

#8 Wo ro pada.

वो रो पड़ा।

Focus: ro pada

He burst out crying.

Advanced: 'pada' adds suddenness/intensity.

#9 Kya tumne sun liya?

क्या तुमने सुन लिया?

Focus: sun liya

Did you hear/listen to it?

Implying 'Did you catch that?'

自我测试

Complete the sentence using the compound form of 'karna' (to do).

Maine apna homework abhi abhi ___ hai. (I have just finished my homework)

✓ 正确！ ✗ 不太对。 正确答案： kar liya

'Kar liya' shows the completion of the task for one's own benefit/responsibility.

Choose the correct form for 'The train arrived'.

Train station par ___.

✓ 正确！ ✗ 不太对。 正确答案： aa gayi

For movement/arrival, we use the root 'aa' + 'jana' (gayi).

Identify the error in this negative sentence.

Usne paani pi nahin liya. -> How should it be?

✓ 正确！ ✗ 不太对。 正确答案： Usne paani nahin piya.

Compound verbs are dropped in negative sentences. Use simple past 'piya'.

🎉 得分： /3

视觉学习工具

Lena vs. Dena (Self vs. Other)

LENA (Internal/Self)
padh lena read (silently/for self)
kha lena eat up
DENA (External/Other)
padh dena read out (for others)
de dena give away

To Compound or Not to Compound?

1

Is the sentence negative (has 'nahin')?

YES ↓
NO
Go to Step 2
2

Negative Sentence detected.

NO
STOP! Use Simple Past (e.g., 'nahin khaya').

Common Helper Verbs

📥

Lena (Take)

  • • Self-benefit
  • • Absorption
📤

Dena (Give)

  • • Benefit to other
  • • Output
🚶

Jana (Go)

  • • Change of state
  • • Completion

常见问题

21 个问题

It's the bare form of the verb. Take the infinitive like khelna (to play), remove the na, and you're left with khel. That's your root!

Always conjugate the second one (the helper). The first one (the root) stays frozen. kha (frozen) + liya (changed).

No! That's a double past tense disaster. The first part must be the root: kha, not khaya. So, kha liya.

Mostly, yes! aa jana (arrive), wapas jana (return/go back), ghus jana (enter). It emphasizes the change of location or state.

Not really. In sun lena (to listen), you aren't physically taking anything. It just marks the action as directed towards yourself (internalizing the sound).

You could use chukna: Main kha chuka hun. But frankly, Maine kha liya is what you'll hear friends say 90% of the time.

Absolutely! Main kar loonga (I will finish it). It sounds more determined than just Main karunga.

It works the same! Kya tumne kar liya? (Did you finish it?). Just keep the root + helper combo intact.

The verb hona (to be) is a loner. You usually don't see ho lena or ho jana in the same simple sense of completion (though ho jana exists as 'to become').

It adds suddenness! bol uthna means to speak up suddenly or burst out speaking. It's dramatic.

dalna (to put/pour) is a violent helper! maar dalna means to kill off (violently). It adds force.

Rarely, and it's super advanced. For now, stick to one. One sidekick is enough for this hero.

It's standard! It's neither strictly formal nor slang. It's just correct, natural Hindi.

Sort of! Think of phrasal verbs: 'eat' vs 'eat up', 'burn' vs 'burn down'. The 'up' or 'down' completes the meaning.

Memorize common pairs. khaa likes lena. de likes dena. aa likes jana. It becomes muscle memory.

It gets tricky. Main kar le sakta hun is grammatically doubtful. Usually, we drop the helper with modals: Main kar sakta hun.

Yes! Ye kaam kar lo (Do this work - for your own good/finish it). It sounds slightly softer but more urgent than karo.

Yes, to the helper! Maine chai pi li (because chai is feminine, lena becomes li). The root pi doesn't change.

If a guy says it, it's gaya. If a girl says it, it's main bhool gayi. It agrees with the subject for intransitive verbs.

No! padhna is read. padna (fall) as a helper means suddenness. ro padna (burst out crying). Watch the spelling!

Everywhere. Novels, newspapers, texts. It provides the necessary aspectual detail that simple verbs lack.

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上一步
Compound Verbs:
下一步
The Auxiliary Verb Dena: Completion

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