اِسْتِبْدَاد

A state of flourishing, thriving, or successful development, especially regarding the economy, culture, or science.

The beginning, origin, or development of something; also refers to a person's upbringing.

The sudden start or outbreak of something unpleasant or violent, such as a war, fire, or epidemic.

The action of becoming larger or more extensive, or the process of spreading into new areas. Common in TOEFL passages about empires or urban development.

The state of being gradually destroyed or losing strength, power, or influence. Often used in TOEFL to describe the decline of civilizations or radioactive decay.

The state of becoming extinct, forgotten, or completely vanished over time. It is often applied to ancient civilizations, languages, or old customs.

The action of returning something (especially a building or work of art) to a former owner, place, or condition; restoration or renovation.

A country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, or a group of organisms of the same type living together.

A long and distinct period of history, or a specific stage in geological time.

A book, document, or piece of music written by hand rather than typed or printed.