Passive Voice: Verb Stem
Combine थे (the) perfective verb form with `jaana` to focus on थे (the) action rather than थे (the) person doing it.
The Rule in 30 Seconds
- Formula: Verb Participle (-aa) + Jaana
- Focus shifts from Subject to Object
- Used for inability: 'Mujhse नहीं (nahi) खाया (khaya) jaata'
- Common in news and formal notices
Quick Reference
| Tense | Active Sentence (Doer focus) | Passive Sentence (Action focus) | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | Log Hindi bolte हैं (hain) | Hindi `boli jaati है (hai)` | Hindi is spoken |
| Past Simple | उसने (Usne) खाना (khana) खाया (khaya) | Khana `खाया (khaya) गया (gaya)` | Food was eaten |
| Future | वह (Woh) काम (kaam) karega | Kaam `kiya jayega` | Work will be done |
| Present Continuous | वह (Woh) road bana रहे (rahe) हैं (hain) | Road `banayi ja रही (rahi) है (hai)` | Road is being made |
| Modal (Can) | मैं (Main) ye नहीं (nahi) कर (kar) सकता (sakta) | Mujhse ye `kiya नहीं (nahi) jaata` | It cannot be done by me |
| Perfect | Chor pakad लिया (liya) | Chor `pakda गया (gaya) है (hai)` | Thief has been caught |
主な例文
3 / 9Diwali `manayi jaati` hai.
Diwali is celebrated.
Chor `pakda gaya`.
The thief was caught.
Mujhse `chala nahi jaata`.
I cannot walk (Walking is not done by me).
The 'Jaana' Fake-Out
When you see `gaya` (went) in a sentence, check the word before it. If it's a verb (like `kiya gaya`), it's Passive Voice. If it's a place (`Delhi gaya`), it's just 'went'.
Gender Trap
In Passive voice, the Object wears the pants. If the object is feminine, the verb gets feminine endings (`-ee`), even if the hidden doer is a man!
The Rule in 30 Seconds
- Formula: Verb Participle (-aa) + Jaana
- Focus shifts from Subject to Object
- Used for inability: 'Mujhse नहीं (nahi) खाया (khaya) jaata'
- Common in news and formal notices
Overview
Ever broken a plate and wanted to tell your mom "The plate broke" without admitting *you* broke it? Welcome to the Passive Voice. In English, we say "The letter was written." In Hindi, we do something very similar. We use this when the person doing the action (the doer) is unknown, obvious, or we just want to hide their identity (like that broken plate). It's also the go-to structure for official announcements and news headlines.
How This Grammar Works
In a normal sentence (Active Voice), the Subject is the boss. In Passive Voice, the Object becomes the boss. The verb changes to agree with the Object, not the doer. To make this switch, Hindi uses a helper verb: jaana (to go). It doesn't mean anyone is physically going anywhere; it just acts as the grammatical glue holding the passive meaning together. Think of jaana as the "be" in "to be done."
Formation Pattern
- 1The formula is actually quite logical. You need two parts:
- 2Take the Main Verb and turn it into its Perfective Participle (the form ending in
-aa,-e, or-ee). This part stays static (mostly). - 3Add the helping verb
jaana. - 4Conjugate
jaanaaccording to the tense you want (Present, Past, Future) and agree it with the gender/number of the Object. - 5Structure: Object + Main Verb (Perfective) + Jaana (Conjugated)
When To Use It
- Hiding the Doer: When you don't know who did it, or you don't want to say. (
khana kha liya gaya- The food was eaten... by a mystery ghost). - Inability (Negative): This is a unique Hindi superpower. To say "I can't do this" (emotionally or physically), you use the passive negative. (
mujhse ye dekha nahi jaata- I can't bear to watch this / This is not watched by me). - Official Language: News and notices love this. (
yah suuchit kiya jaata hai- It is informed...).
When Not To Use It
Don't use it for simple, everyday actions where the doer is clear. Saying "The tea is being drunk by me" (chai mere dwara pee ja rahi hai) sounds robotic and weird. Just say "I am drinking tea" (main chai pee raha hoon). Keep the passive for when the Object is the VIP.
Common Mistakes
- Wrong Agreement: Learners often forget that the verb must match the *object*, not the hidden doer. If the object is
kitaab(book, feminine), the verb must bepadhi gayi, notpadha gaya. - Forgetting
jaana: You can't just use the participle.Khana banayameans "(Someone) made food."Khana banaya gayameans "Food was made." - Over-using
dwara: In English, we say "by the police" a lot. In Hindi, usingke dwara(by) is very formal. Native speakers often just omit the doer entirely.
Contrast With Similar Patterns
Don't confuse this with simple past tense.
- Active:
Usne kaam kiya(He did the work). - Passive:
Kaam kiya gaya(The work was done).
The addition of गया (gaya) (form of jaana) is the red flag that tells you it's passive.
Quick FAQ
Q: Does jaana always mean 'to go'?
Nope! Here it's just a grammar helper. Don't translate it as "go."
Q: Can I use this with any verb?
Mostly transitive verbs (verbs that take an object). Intransitive verbs (like sleeping or laughing) are usually only used in the passive for that "inability" structure mentioned earlier.
Reference Table
| Tense | Active Sentence (Doer focus) | Passive Sentence (Action focus) | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | Log Hindi bolte हैं (hain) | Hindi `boli jaati है (hai)` | Hindi is spoken |
| Past Simple | उसने (Usne) खाना (khana) खाया (khaya) | Khana `खाया (khaya) गया (gaya)` | Food was eaten |
| Future | वह (Woh) काम (kaam) karega | Kaam `kiya jayega` | Work will be done |
| Present Continuous | वह (Woh) road bana रहे (rahe) हैं (hain) | Road `banayi ja रही (rahi) है (hai)` | Road is being made |
| Modal (Can) | मैं (Main) ye नहीं (nahi) कर (kar) सकता (sakta) | Mujhse ye `kiya नहीं (nahi) jaata` | It cannot be done by me |
| Perfect | Chor pakad लिया (liya) | Chor `pakda गया (gaya) है (hai)` | Thief has been caught |
The 'Jaana' Fake-Out
When you see `gaya` (went) in a sentence, check the word before it. If it's a verb (like `kiya gaya`), it's Passive Voice. If it's a place (`Delhi gaya`), it's just 'went'.
Gender Trap
In Passive voice, the Object wears the pants. If the object is feminine, the verb gets feminine endings (`-ee`), even if the hidden doer is a man!
Polite Refusal
Using passive for inability (`Mujhse nahi hoga`) is softer and less direct than a flat `Main nahi karunga` (I won't do it). It implies 'I want to, but I physically/mentally can't.'
The 'Se' Marker
If you *must* mention the doer in a passive sentence (like for inability), add `से` (`se`) after their name. `Ram se khaya nahi gaya`.
例文
9Diwali `manayi jaati` hai.
Focus: manayi jaati
Diwali is celebrated.
General truth / Routine
Chor `pakda gaya`.
Focus: pakda gaya
The thief was caught.
Past tense passive (using 'gaya')
Mujhse `chala nahi jaata`.
Focus: chala nahi jaata
I cannot walk (Walking is not done by me).
Inability / Negative Passive
Yahan ticket `beche jaate` hain.
Focus: beche jaate
Tickets are sold here.
Plural object agreement
Apko `suchit kiya jayega`.
Focus: suchit kiya jayega
You will be informed.
Formal / Future tense
Chai `banayi ja rahi` hai.
Focus: banayi ja rahi
Tea is being made.
Continuous Passive
Kitaab `padhi gayi`.
Focus: padhi gayi
The book was read.
Correction: Book is feminine, so verb must be 'padhi', not 'padha'
Mere dwara chai `pee gayi`.
Focus: pee gayi
Tea was drunk by me.
Correction: Do not make the person the subject in passive structure
Usse jhooth `bola nahi gaya`.
Focus: bola nahi gaya
He couldn't bring himself to lie.
Advanced: Emotional inability
自分をテスト
Complete the sentence: 'English is spoken here.' (English yahan ___ )
English yahan ___ hai.
Because 'English' (bhasha) is treated as feminine in Hindi, the verb must be 'boli jaati'.
Turn this into Past Passive: 'The work was done.' (Kaam ___ )
Kaam ___ .
For past passive, we use the perfective 'kiya' + past of jaana 'gaya'.
Express inability: 'I can't eat.' (Mujhse khaya ___ )
Mujhse khaya ___ .
For general inability in the present, use 'nahi jaata'.
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ビジュアル学習ツール
Active vs. Passive Focus
Is it Passive?
Is the doer the subject?
Is 'jaana' used after a verb?
When to use Passive
Formal / News
- • Chunav ki ghoshna ki gayi
- • Matches postponed
Helplessness
- • Mujhse utha nahi jaata
- • Cannot do it
よくある質問
21 問No, in this context, jaana loses its meaning of 'to go' and simply functions as a helper verb to indicate the passive voice. It's like 'be' in English 'to be done'.
Just put नहीं (nahi) before the jaana part. For example, kiya nahi gaya (was not done).
Absolutely. Conjugate jaana in the future: jayega. Example: Kaam kiya jayega (Work will be done).
You can use ke dwara (formal) or se (common in inability). For example, Police ke dwara (by the police).
It's a special usage where you say an action 'is not done by me' to express that you can't do it. E.g., Mujhse padha nahi jaata (I can't read/It isn't read by me).
Never! In passive voice, the verb agrees with the **Object**. If the object is feminine, the verb is feminine.
This usually happens in the 'inability' passive with intransitive verbs. In this case, use the masculine singular default (-aa jaata hai).
No, that would mean someone read *you* like a book! You would say Mujhe padhaya gaya (I was taught) if you mean someone acted upon you.
Gaya is the most common past form of jaana, but it changes to gayi (feminine) or gaye (plural) depending on the object.
Use ja raha + tense. Kaam kiya ja raha hai (Work is being done).
Yes, especially in dramatic dialogue! Tumhe chetavani di jaati hai (You are being warned).
Hua usually describes a state (it happened/it is done), while गया (gaya) implies an action was performed by someone. Toota hua (broken state) vs Toda gaya (was broken by someone).
Not really. If you drop jaana, it turns back into active voice or just a past participle adjective.
You say Mujhe bataya gaya (To me, it was told).
It can be formal (news, notices), but the 'inability' form (mujhse nahi...) is very colloquial and emotional.
It follows the pattern! Karna becomes kiya (perfective) + jaana. Kiya jaata hai.
Yes, kiya ja sakta hai (It can be done). Sakna is added to the jaana part.
Because in the passive inability structure, 'I' am not the grammatical subject anymore. Mujhse means 'by me'.
The main irregularity is jaana itself becoming गया (gaya) in the past. Most main verbs just use their standard perfective form.
Read Hindi news headlines! They are almost always in the passive voice.
That's an idiom, but literally 'said and heard'. In passive: Kaha gaya (It was said).
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