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Connecting Your Thoughts
Using "या" for Alternatives and Either
Use `या` for simple choices and `या तो... या...` to emphasize 'Either/Or', ensuring verbs match the nearest option.
The Rule in 30 Seconds
- Means 'or' between two choices.
- Use 'या तो... या...' for 'Either... or...'.
- Verb agrees with the CLOSEST noun.
- Never changes form (indeclinable).
Quick Reference
| Structure | Hindi Pattern | English Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Choice | A `या` B | A or B | `चाय या कॉफ़ी` (Tea or Coffee) |
| Emphasis | `या तो` A `या` B | Either A or B | `या तो पढ़ो या सो जाओ` (Either study or sleep) |
| Question | ... `या` ...? | ... or ...? | `आज या कल?` (Today or tomorrow?) |
| Estimation | Number `या` Number | Number or so | `दो या तीन` (Two or three) |
| Formal | A `अथवा` B | A or B (Formal) | `प्रश्न १ अथवा २` (Question 1 or 2) |
| Verb Agr. (M+F) | M `या` F + Verb(F) | M or F + Verb | `राम या सीता गई` (Ram or Sita went) |
主な例文
3 / 10आप चाय लेंगे या कॉफ़ी?
Will you take tea or coffee?
हम आज मिलेंगे या कल?
Will we meet today or tomorrow?
या तो तुम सच बताओ, या चुप रहो।
Either you tell the truth, or stay quiet.
The 'Toh' Trigger
If you start a sentence with `या तो` (Either...), your brain should immediately load a second `या` (or) for the second half. They are best friends; don't separate them!
Gender Trap
In 'Ram or Sita is going', English says 'is'. Hindi looks at Sita (the closest one) and says 'is going' (feminine). If you flip it to 'Sita or Ram', the verb turns masculine!
The Rule in 30 Seconds
- Means 'or' between two choices.
- Use 'या तो... या...' for 'Either... or...'.
- Verb agrees with the CLOSEST noun.
- Never changes form (indeclinable).
Overview
Welcome to the land of choices! In Hindi, life isn't always about doing *everything* (sorry, overachievers). Sometimes you have to pick. That's where या (ya) comes in. It’s the Hindi word for "or". It’s short, sweet, and probably one of the most useful little connectors you’ll ever learn. Whether you’re deciding between चाय (tea) or कॉफ़ी (coffee), or giving someone a friendly ultimatum, या is your best friend. Think of it as the fork in the road of your sentence.
How This Grammar Works
या works almost exactly like the English "or". It sits comfortably between two options. These options can be nouns (things), adjectives (descriptions), verbs (actions), or even whole phrases. It’s the glue that holds alternatives together without forcing you to commit to both. It’s very democratic that way.
When you want to level up and say "Either this... or that...", Hindi adds a little spice: या तो... या.... It adds emphasis, like you really mean business. "Either study or sleep" (no scrolling on your phone!).
Formation Pattern
- 1Let's break down the two main ways you'll use this.
- 2Simple Alternative (A or B):
- 3Option A +
या+ Option B - 4*Example:*
लाल या नीला?(Red or blue?) - 5The "Either... Or..." Combo:
- 6
या तो+ Option A +या+ Option B - 7*Example:*
या तो यहाँ रुको या जाओ।(Either stay here or go.) - 8Verb Agreement (The Tricky Part):
- 9If the two options have different genders, the verb agrees with the closest noun. Yes, Hindi plays favorites.
- 10*Example:*
लड़का या लड़की आएगी?(Will the boy or girl come? -> verb matches 'girl')
When To Use It
- Making Decisions: "Do you want
रोटीorचावल?" - Offering Choices: "We can watch a movie or go for a walk."
- Estimations: "It costs 100
या200 rupees." (Like saying "100 or 200"). - Ultimatums: "
या तोapologizeयाleave." (Use with caution!)
When Not To Use It
- Neither/Nor situations: If you don't want *either*, don't use
या. Useन... न...(na... na...) instead. Saying "Not A or B" in Hindi structure often uses the "Neither/Nor" pattern more naturally for negation. - Formal Writing (Sometimes): In very formal Hindi (like news or legal documents), you might see
अथवा(athava) instead ofया. But in daily life? Stick toया.अथवाmakes you sound like a textbook from 1950.
Common Mistakes
- Forgetting the
तो: In "Either/Or" sentences, learners often drop theतो. It sounds weak, like "Either come... or go" without the punch.या तोsets the stage. - Verb Confusion: Mixing up verb gender when options differ. Remember the "Closest Neighbor Rule". If the word next to the verb is feminine, the verb becomes feminine. It ignores the first option completely. Rude? Maybe. Grammatically correct? Absolutely.
- Overusing it: Don't use
याwhen you mean "and" (और). It sounds obvious, but when speaking fast, wires get crossed!
Contrast With Similar Patterns
याvsऔर:याseparates (or),औरconnects (and).याvsकि: Useकिfor "that" (I said *that*...). Sometimes learners confuse them because they are both short connectors.याvsअथवा:याis your everyday jeans;अथवाis a tuxedo. Useयाfor 99% of your life.
Quick FAQ
Q. Can I start a sentence with या?
A. In conversation, yes! "या हम कल चलें?" (Or shall we go tomorrow?) It connects to a previous unsaid thought.
Q. Is या pronounced 'ya' or 'yaa'?
A. It's a long 'aa' sound. Like sticking your tongue out at the doctor: "Yaaa".
Q. Does या change form?
A. Nope! It’s indeclinable. It never changes, no matter who is speaking. A rare reliable constant in life.
Reference Table
| Structure | Hindi Pattern | English Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Choice | A `या` B | A or B | `चाय या कॉफ़ी` (Tea or Coffee) |
| Emphasis | `या तो` A `या` B | Either A or B | `या तो पढ़ो या सो जाओ` (Either study or sleep) |
| Question | ... `या` ...? | ... or ...? | `आज या कल?` (Today or tomorrow?) |
| Estimation | Number `या` Number | Number or so | `दो या तीन` (Two or three) |
| Formal | A `अथवा` B | A or B (Formal) | `प्रश्न १ अथवा २` (Question 1 or 2) |
| Verb Agr. (M+F) | M `या` F + Verb(F) | M or F + Verb | `राम या सीता गई` (Ram or Sita went) |
The 'Toh' Trigger
If you start a sentence with `या तो` (Either...), your brain should immediately load a second `या` (or) for the second half. They are best friends; don't separate them!
Gender Trap
In 'Ram or Sita is going', English says 'is'. Hindi looks at Sita (the closest one) and says 'is going' (feminine). If you flip it to 'Sita or Ram', the verb turns masculine!
The 'Na' Alternative
When offering something to a guest, you might hear `ठंडा या गरम?` (Cold or Hot drink?). It's the classic Indian hospitality opener. Always pick one, don't say 'neither'!
Dropping the Verb
Laziness is efficiently linguistic! Instead of `तुम आओगे या तुम नहीं आओगे?` (Will you come or will you not come?), just say `तुम आओगे या नहीं?` (You come or not?).
例文
10आप चाय लेंगे या कॉफ़ी?
Focus: या
Will you take tea or coffee?
Standard polite offer.
हम आज मिलेंगे या कल?
Focus: या
Will we meet today or tomorrow?
Common for making plans.
या तो तुम सच बताओ, या चुप रहो।
Focus: या तो
Either you tell the truth, or stay quiet.
Stronger emphasis with `या तो`.
तुम्हें कलम या पेंसिल चाहिए?
Focus: या
Do you want a pen or a pencil?
`चाहिए` (want/need) doesn't change for gender here, making it easier!
कोई लड़का या लड़की आई है।
Focus: आई
Some boy or girl has come.
Verb `आई` (feminine) agrees with `लड़की` (closest noun).
कृपया नकद या कार्ड से भुगतान करें।
Focus: या
Please pay by cash or card.
Standard transactional phrase.
✗ तुम आओ और जाओ। → ✓ तुम या तो आओ या जाओ।
Focus: या तो
You either come or go.
Don't use `और` (and) when you mean a choice between conflicting actions.
✗ यह काला है या नीला है? → ✓ यह काला है या नीला?
Focus: नीला
Is this black or blue?
You don't need to repeat the verb (`है`) if it's the same for both.
वह हँस रहा था या रो रहा था, पता नहीं।
Focus: या
Was he laughing or crying, I don't know.
Connecting two continuous actions in the past.
वहाँ पाँच या दस लोग होंगे।
Focus: या
There must be five or ten people there.
Used to give a rough estimate.
自分をテスト
Choose the correct connector for 'Either... or'.
___ तुम यहाँ बैठो, या बाहर जाओ।
When presenting a strict choice (Either...), we start with 'या तो'.
Select the correct verb agreement.
क्या रवि या अंजलि ___? (Has eaten - Past Tense)
The verb must agree with 'अंजलि' (Feminine) because she is closest to the verb spot, even though implied object 'food' affects transitive verbs, in intransitive structures or specific constructions, closest subject rule applies for simple agreement focus.
Complete the simple choice.
तुम्हें लाल पसंद है ___ सफ़ेद?
We are asking for a preference between two colors, so we use 'या' (or).
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ビジュアル学習ツール
Ya vs Aur
Which Verb Gender?
Are subjects mixed gender?
Using 'या' (Or)?
Identify closest subject to verb.
Is closest subject Feminine?
Use Feminine Verb
Common Contexts
Dining
- • Veg or Non-veg?
- • Spicy or Sweet?
Travel
- • Bus or Train?
- • Morning or Night?
Shopping
- • Cash or Card?
- • Cheap or Expensive?
よくある質問
21 問या is casual and everyday, like asking a friend for coffee. अथवा is formal, like a bank form asking for your signature. Stick to या unless you are writing a constitution.
Yes! Just like in English. चाय, कॉफ़ी या पानी? (Tea, coffee, or water?). You usually put या only before the final option.
Not really. It sits right between the choices. If you use या तो, that goes before the first choice.
You don't use या. You use न... न... (Na... na...). For example: न चाय न कॉफ़ी (Neither tea nor coffee).
Yes, contextually. दो या तीन दिन (Two or three days) implies an approximation, just like in English.
No. Only when you want to emphasize "Either". For simple "this or that", just या is enough.
You will be understood, but it will sound slightly 'off' to a native speaker. It’s like saying 'He are coming' in English.
Yes! मैं कल... या परसों आऊँगा (I will come tomorrow... or [rather] day after). It works perfectly for hesitations.
The politeness comes from the verb endings (like लीजिए or करिए), not from या itself. या is neutral.
Simply: आपको A चाहिए या B? It’s a very standard structure.
Absolutely. तुम चलोगे? या मैं जाऊँ? (Will you go? Or should I go?). It links the thoughts.
Yes. सस्ता या महँगा? (Cheap or expensive?). It works with almost any part of speech.
The verb is plural. लड़के या लड़कियाँ आएँगी? (Will boys or girls come?). Here आएँगी is feminine plural matching 'girls'.
Yes, for ranges or estimates. दस या बीस (10 or 20).
Yes! या फिर is very common. It means 'or else' or 'or otherwise'. It adds a sense of an alternative option being a backup.
You can use वरना (varna) or नहीं तो (nahin toh). या isn't usually used alone for 'or else' threats.
In some spoken dialects, people might use कि (ki) to mean 'or' in questions like 'Yes or no?', but technically या is the correct word for 'or'.
Yes. बैठो या जाओ! (Sit or go!). It makes the demand very clear.
It is the same! Hindi and Urdu share this grammar point entirely.
No, it just implies a choice. The tone of voice or question words (क्या) make it a question.
Usually no, unless you trailed off. तुम आओगे, या...? (You will come, or...?). It implies an unsaid alternative.
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