Hindi Relative Clauses: Jo and V

It's a part of a sentence that describes a noun. Instead of saying 'Tall boy. He is my friend,' you say 'The boy **who** is tall is my friend.' In Hindi, जो (Jo) handles the 'who' part.

Hindi grammar relies on balance. जो (Jo) opens the bracket, and वो (vo) closes it. It points back to the thing you just described to ensure clarity.

Yes! जो (Jo) works for people, animals, and objects. जो (Jo) phone (the phone which), जो (Jo) aadmi (the man who). No distinction relative to 'who' vs 'which' in English.

In the direct case (subject), जो (jo) stays जो (jo)! 'Jo ladka' (boy) and 'Jo ladke' (boys). However, in the oblique case (with postpositions), जिस (jis) becomes jin.

Whenever a postposition (like को (ko), ने (ne), से (se), का (ka)) follows it. You can't say जो को (Jo ko); you must say Jisko.

In speech, the comma is a short pause. If you rush through without pausing, your listener might get confused about where the description ends and the main point starts.

It's archaic/poetic. You might see it in old texts or proverbs (जो boyega, सो kaatega (Jo boyega, so kaatega) - As you sow, so shall you reap). In modern Hindi, we use जो... वो (Jo... vo).

Sometimes. 'Vo ladka **ki** wahan khada hai' is generally considered incorrect or very colloquial/regional. Stick to जो (Jo) for proper relative clauses.

Use जहाँ (Jahaan). 'Jahaan main rehta hoon...' (The place where I live...). The matching word is वहाँ (vahaan) (there).

Use Jab. 'Jab main aaya...' (When I came...). The matching word is तब (tab) (then).

It's the plural agentive form. Jin (plural oblique) + ने (ne) (agent marker) = जिन्होंने (Jinhone). Use it when 'they' did something in the past tense. 'Jinhone khana khaya...' (Those who ate food...).

It means 'to whom' or 'whom'. जिस (Jis) (singular oblique) + को (ko) (to). 'Jisko maine bulaya...' (The one whom I called...).

Yes, for emphasis. 'Vo aa gaya, jisne mujhe bulaya tha' (He has arrived, who had called me).

It is standard Hindi, used in both formal and informal contexts. In very casual slang, people might construct sentences loosely, but this pattern is universally understood.

Use जो kuch (Jo kuch). 'Jo kuch tumne kaha, sach hai' (Everything that you said is true).

जिस (Jis) is relative (whom/which - the setup). Us is correlative or demonstrative (him/that - the result). जिस (Jis) connects, उस (us) points.

Only if the verb is transitive and in the perfective aspect (past tense). 'Jisne kaha' (Who said). Otherwise, just 'jo' or 'jis' depending on other grammar rules.

No, जो (jo) is gender-neutral. The verb or the वो (vo) clause might reveal gender, but जो (jo) itself sits on the fence.

Absolutely. 'Jo ladki school jaati hai...' (The girl who goes to school...).

Don't mix singular and plural. If you start with जो लड़का (Jo ladka) (singular), finish with वो (vo) (singular), not ve (plural).