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For a certain action, event, or condition to take place or exist before another. It implies a prerequisite relationship.

To conclude or judge something definitively, often based on limited information or a firm belief.

To be contrary to, to conflict with, or to be inconsistent with something else (like opinions, interests, or facts).

To correspond or respond to something else, often in a structural or logical way. It is used to describe how two elements match or balance each other.

Not directly caused by something; happening through a medium or as a secondary result. It describes a relationship where there is an intermediate step between cause and effect.

To accept, concede, or agree with someone's opinion or a fact because it is reasonable and convincing. It implies a rational consent after consideration.

To argue against an existing opinion, claim, or theory with a counter-argument.

Done by choice or at random rather than by reason, necessity, or fixed rules. It can also mean 'arbitrary' in a legal or scientific context.

Deduction; a method of reasoning from general principles to specific conclusions.

Induction; a method of reasoning that uses specific instances or data to form a general conclusion.