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The act of retaining or trapping something; most commonly used in environmental contexts regarding heat.

To gradually decrease in size, amount, or importance. It is frequently used to describe shrinking resources or fading hopes.

Gases or radiation that are sent out into the air, especially those that cause climate change (e.g., carbon emissions).

The act of receding or pulling back, like the tide or a flood. Figuratively, it refers to the decline or diminishing of a phenomenon or influence.

The act of making something dirty, impure, or harmful, especially the environment, by introducing pollutants.

The phenomena of the physical world collectively, including plants, animals, and landscape. In academic writing, it also refers to the inherent characteristics or essence of a person or thing.

A sudden event, such as an accident or a natural catastrophe, that causes great damage or loss of life.

A large area covered chiefly with trees and undergrowth.

The act of preserving, guarding, or protecting something from loss, injury, or change. Important for TOEFL environmental and cultural history topics.

The quality of being able to continue over a long period of time; specifically, environmental sustainability and resource management.