A2 syntax 4 دقیقه مطالعه

Postposition के बाद (

When a noun meets a postposition, it must switch to its Oblique form (usually ending in -e or -on).

The Rule in 30 Seconds

  • Postpositions force nouns to change form.
  • Masculine '-aa' becomes '-e' (Singular).
  • All plurals (Masc/Fem) end in '-on'.
  • Pronouns and adjectives must change too.

Quick Reference

Gender/Number Direct Form (No Postposition) Oblique Form (+ Postposition) Example (+ ko)
Masc. Singular (-aa) Ladka (Boy) Ladke Ladke ko
Masc. Singular (Other) Dost (Friend) Dost Dost ko
Masc. Plural (-e) Ladke (Boys) Ladkon Ladkon ko
Fem. Singular Mez (Table) Mez Mez ko
Fem. Plural (-iyan/-ein) Ladkiyan (Girls) Ladkiyon Ladkiyon ko
Pronoun (Near) Yeh (This) Is Is ko (Isko)
Pronoun (Far) Vah (That) Us Us ko (Usko)

مثال‌های کلیدی

3 از 10
1

Ladke ko pani dijiye.

Give water to the boy.

2

Kamre mein kaun hai?

Who is in the room?

3

Main apne doston ke saath hoon.

I am with my friends.

💡

The Nasal Hint

If you hear a nasal 'n' sound at the end of a noun followed by a postposition (like 'Kamron mein'), it is ALWAYS plural. That 'n' is the plural marker!

⚠️

Don't Change Names

Foreign names or proper names usually don't change. We say 'Peter ko', NOT 'Petre ko'. Don't over-apply the rule!

The Rule in 30 Seconds

  • Postpositions force nouns to change form.
  • Masculine '-aa' becomes '-e' (Singular).
  • All plurals (Masc/Fem) end in '-on'.
  • Pronouns and adjectives must change too.

Overview

Welcome to the world of shape-shifting words! In Hindi, nouns and pronouns are a bit like chameleons. They are happy being themselves when they are the subject of a sentence, but the moment you introduce a "Postposition" (those little words like ko, se, mein, par, or ka/ke/ki), the noun gets nervous and changes its form. This modified form is called the Oblique Case. It sounds technical, but it’s actually just a "grammar costume" nouns wear when they hang out with postpositions. If you master this, you unlock the secret to sounding like a native speaker immediately.

How This Grammar Works

Think of a postposition (like mein - in, or ko - to) as a heavy weight. When you place it *after* a noun, that noun has to "bend" or change shape to support it. This bent shape is the Oblique form. You never use this form on its own; it exists *only* to support the postposition. It’s a symbiotic relationship. If the postposition disappears, the noun snaps back to its original form.

Formation Pattern

  1. 1Here is the cheat sheet for how to bend your nouns into the Oblique Case:
  2. 2Masculine Singular (-aa ending): The -aa changes to -e.
  3. 3Kamra (Room) + mein → Kamre mein (In the room)
  4. 4Beta (Son) + ko → Bete ko (To the son)
  5. 5Masculine Singular (Other endings): No change! They stay strong.
  6. 6Ghar (House) + par → Ghar par (At home)
  7. 7Dost (Friend) + se → Dost se (With friend)
  8. 8Feminine Singular (Any ending): No change! They are stubborn.
  9. 9Mez (Table) + par → Mez par (On the table)
  10. 10Ladki (Girl) + ko → Ladki ko (To the girl)
  11. 11Masculine Plural: The ending changes to -on.
  12. 12Ladke (Boys) + ko → Ladkon ko (To the boys)
  13. 13Ghar (Houses) + mein → Gharon mein (In the houses)
  14. 14Feminine Plural: The ending changes to -on.
  15. 15Ladkiyan (Girls) + se → Ladkiyon se (From the girls)
  16. 16Kitabein (Books) + mein → Kitabon mein (In the books)

When To Use It

You use this every single time a noun or pronoun is followed immediately by a postposition. It doesn't matter if it's a simple postposition (ko, se) or a compound one (ke baad, ke saath, ke liye). If the postposition is there, the noun *must* be in the oblique case. It's like a toll booth; you can't pass the postposition without paying the "oblique" toll.

When Not To Use It

Do not use the Oblique case if there is no postposition! This is common when the noun is the Subject of the sentence (and not followed by ne).

  • Correct: Ladka khel raha hai (The boy is playing). Here, Ladka is just the subject. No ko, no se, so no change.
  • Incorrect: Ladke khel raha hai (unless you mean plural, but even then, syntax matters).

Common Mistakes

The biggest mistake learners make is forgetting to change the Adjectives too! Yes, if the noun changes, the adjective describing it must also change.

  • Wrong: Bada kamre mein (In the big room) ✗
  • Correct: Bade kamre mein ✓
  • Think of it as peer pressure. If the noun changes clothes, the adjective has to match the outfit.

Contrast With Similar Patterns

In English, we use prepositions (words *before* the noun: "in London"). In Hindi, we use postpositions (words *after* the noun: "London mein"). English pronouns change case too (He -> Him, Who -> Whom), but Hindi does it for *nouns* as well. Also, be careful not to confuse the Oblique plural (Ladkon) with the direct plural (Ladke). Ladke is for "The boys are here." Ladkon is for "To the boys."

Quick FAQ

Q. Do names change?

A. Generally, no, unless you want to sound very rural or poetic. Rahul ko stays Rahul ko. But generic nouns like Ladka must change.

Q. What about pani (water)?

A. Pani is masculine but doesn't end in -aa. So, Pani mein (In the water) - no change. Easy!

Q. Does yeh and vah change?

A. Oh yes. Yeh becomes Is (e.g., Is ghar mein - In this house). Vah becomes Us (e.g., Us aadmi ko - To that man). Native speakers mess this up less often than you think, but it's a dead giveaway for beginners.

Reference Table

Gender/Number Direct Form (No Postposition) Oblique Form (+ Postposition) Example (+ ko)
Masc. Singular (-aa) Ladka (Boy) Ladke Ladke ko
Masc. Singular (Other) Dost (Friend) Dost Dost ko
Masc. Plural (-e) Ladke (Boys) Ladkon Ladkon ko
Fem. Singular Mez (Table) Mez Mez ko
Fem. Plural (-iyan/-ein) Ladkiyan (Girls) Ladkiyon Ladkiyon ko
Pronoun (Near) Yeh (This) Is Is ko (Isko)
Pronoun (Far) Vah (That) Us Us ko (Usko)
💡

The Nasal Hint

If you hear a nasal 'n' sound at the end of a noun followed by a postposition (like 'Kamron mein'), it is ALWAYS plural. That 'n' is the plural marker!

⚠️

Don't Change Names

Foreign names or proper names usually don't change. We say 'Peter ko', NOT 'Petre ko'. Don't over-apply the rule!

🎯

Adjective Alert

Always check the adjective before the noun. If you say 'Achha ladke ko', you are halfway there. Fix it to 'Achhe ladke ko' for full points.

💬

Politeness Factor

Using the Oblique case correctly is a sign of education. Using the Direct case with a postposition (like 'Ladka ko') sounds like 'baby talk' or very broken Hindi.

مثال‌ها

10
#1 लड़के को पानी दीजिये।

Ladke ko pani dijiye.

Focus: Ladke

Give water to the boy.

Standard Oblique: Ladka -> Ladke

#2 कमरे में कौन है?

Kamre mein kaun hai?

Focus: Kamre

Who is in the room?

Standard Oblique: Kamra -> Kamre

#3 मैं अपने दोस्तों के साथ हूँ।

Main apne doston ke saath hoon.

Focus: doston

I am with my friends.

Plural Oblique: Dost -> Doston

#4 बड़े डिब्बे में रखिये।

Bade dibbe mein rakhiye.

Focus: Bade

Keep it in the big box.

Adjective Change: Bada -> Bade

#5 इस दुकान से खरीदो।

Is dukaan se kharido.

Focus: Is

Buy from this shop.

Pronoun Change: Yeh -> Is

#6 लड़का को बुलाओ। (✗)

Ladka ko bulao. (✗)

Focus: Ladka

Call the boy. (Incorrect Grammar)

Mistake: Forgot to change Ladka to Ladke.

#7 लड़के को बुलाओ। (✓)

Ladke ko bulao. (✓)

Focus: Ladke

Call the boy. (Correct)

Correction: Ladka becomes Ladke.

#8 कुर्सियों पर मत बैठो।

Kursiyon par mat baitho.

Focus: Kursiyon

Don't sit on the chairs.

Fem Plural Oblique: Kursiyan -> Kursiyon

#9 घर पर कोई नहीं है।

Ghar par koi nahi hai.

Focus: Ghar

No one is at home.

Edge Case: Masc constant ending (Ghar) doesn't change in singular.

#10 उस आदमी से पूछिये।

Us aadmi se puchhiye.

Focus: Us

Ask that man.

Pronoun + Noun: Vah Aadmi -> Us Aadmi

خودت رو بسنج

Choose the correct form of the noun to fit with the postposition.

Yeh ___ ka ghar hai. (ladka / boy)

✓ درسته! ✗ نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح: ladke

Because 'ka' is a postposition, 'ladka' must change to its oblique singular form 'ladke'.

Select the correct plural oblique form.

Sabhi ___ mein AC hai. (kamre / rooms)

✓ درسته! ✗ نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح: kamron

We are talking about multiple rooms (sabhi = all) + 'mein' (postposition). Plural oblique always ends in '-on', so 'kamron'.

Choose the correct pronoun form.

___ par vishwas karo. (Yeh / This)

✓ درسته! ✗ نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح: Is

'Yeh' becomes 'Is' when followed by a postposition like 'par' in the singular.

🎉 امتیاز: /3

ابزارهای بصری یادگیری

Singular vs. Plural Changes

Singular Oblique
Kamre mein In room
Ladke ko To boy
Plural Oblique
Kamron mein In rooms
Ladkon ko To boys

Do I Change the Noun?

1

Is there a Postposition?

YES ↓
NO
Stop! Use Direct Form.
2

Is it Plural?

YES ↓
NO
Check ending.
3

Ends in -aa (Masc)?

YES ↓
NO
No Change (Singular).

Pronoun Shifts

😐

Direct

  • • Main (I)
  • • Tu (You)
  • • Yeh (This)
  • • Vah (That)
🎭

Oblique

  • • Mujh (Me)
  • • Tujh (You)
  • • Is (This)
  • • Us (That)

سوالات متداول

20 سوال

A postposition is just like an English preposition (in, at, to, from), but it sits *after* the noun instead of before. For example, 'in London' becomes London mein.

It helps the listener understand the relationship between words. It signals that the noun is about to be acted upon by a preposition.

No! Pani ends in 'i', not 'aa'. So it stays Pani in the singular. Pani mein (In the water).

Exceptions exist! Raja usually stays Raja in the singular oblique, though some strict grammarians might say Raje. Stick to Raja ko for now.

Feminine singular nouns never change form in the oblique case. Mez (table) stays Mez par. Mata (mother) stays Mata ko.

You simply add -on. Ladki (girl) -> Ladkiyan (girls) -> Ladkiyon ko (to the girls).

Kaun changes to Kis. So 'To whom?' is Kis ko (often written as Kisko).

Kya changes to Kis as well! Kis cheez mein? (In what thing?).

Yes. Even if there is an adjective in between, the noun still 'feels' the postposition. Labe raaste par (On the long path).

Technically, no. Standard Hindi uses Mujhko or Mujhe. Mere ko is common Delhi street slang, but avoid it in formal settings.

Like Raja, Pita is an honorific masculine noun ending in -aa that typically doesn't change to -e. Pita ko, not Pite ko.

Kinship terms ending in -aa like Chacha, Mama, Dada generally do NOT change in the singular oblique. Chacha ne kaha.

It's a nasal sound. Don't pronounce a hard 'n' with your tongue. It's like the French 'non'.

Proper nouns (places, people) usually don't change. Agra mein, not Agre mein. Although, historically some old city names did change, modern Hindi keeps them as is.

Mujh. So Main + ko = Mujhko (or Mujhe).

Tujh. Tujh par (On you).

Tum stays Tum! Tum par, Tum se. Easy!

Aap also stays Aap. Aap se, Aap ko.

Masculine nouns ending in 'u' (like Chaku - knife) don't change in singular. Chaku se.

Just remember: 'One boy (ladka) changes to ladke, but two boys (ladke) change to ladkon.' Use ladka as your master template.

مفید بود؟
قبلی
Postposition के
بعدی
Relative-Correlative

اول این‌ها رو یاد بگیر

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