Present Perfect vs
Use the Present Perfect to talk about recent actions or life experiences that still feel connected to today.
The Rule in 30 Seconds
- Combine the verb `haber` with a past participle ending in `-ado` or `-ido`.
- Use it for actions that happened in a time period still continuing today.
- Never place any words between the helper verb `haber` and the main participle.
- The participle ending never changes for gender or number in this specific tense.
Quick Reference
| Subject | Haber (Present) | Participle (-AR / -ER-IR) | Full Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yo | he | trabajado / bebido | He trabajado mucho hoy. |
| Tú | has | estudiado / vivido | ¿Has vivido en España? |
| Él/Ella | ha | comprado / leído | Ella ha comprado pan. |
| Nosotros | hemos | jugado / salido | Hemos salido tarde. |
| Vosotros | habéis | viajado / visto | ¿Habéis visto la película? |
| Ellos/Ustedes | han | ganado / vuelto | Ellos han ganado el juego. |
主な例文
3 / 8Hoy he desayunado fruta.
Today I have eaten fruit for breakfast.
¿Has estado en México alguna vez?
Have you ever been to Mexico?
Juan ha hecho la tarea.
Juan has done the homework.
The Glue Rule
Think of 'haber' and the participle as being glued together. Nothing—not even 'no' or 'siempre'—can get between them.
The 'H' is Ghostly
Remember that the 'h' in 'he, has, ha' is silent. If you pronounce it like an English 'h', you'll sound like a pirate!
The Rule in 30 Seconds
- Combine the verb `haber` with a past participle ending in `-ado` or `-ido`.
- Use it for actions that happened in a time period still continuing today.
- Never place any words between the helper verb `haber` and the main participle.
- The participle ending never changes for gender or number in this specific tense.
Overview
Welcome to your new favorite past tense. It is called the Pretérito Perfecto. Think of it as a bridge. It connects what happened before to your life right now. It is perfect for sharing news or recent events. You will use it to talk about your day. You will use it to discuss life experiences. It is the most common past tense in Spain. It sounds modern and very useful. Let's dive into how it works.
How This Grammar Works
This tense is a team effort. It always uses two words working together. You cannot use one without the other. The first part is the verb haber. This is our helper verb. It does not mean "to have" like owning a car. It is just a grammatical tool. The second part is the past participle. This is the main action. Together, they tell a complete story. It is like a grammar sandwich. The helper is the bread. The participle is the filling. You need both for a full meal.
Formation Pattern
- 1Building this tense is like following a simple recipe. Follow these steps:
- 2Start with the present tense of
haber. - 3
Yo he(I have) - 4
Tú has(You have) - 5
Él/Ella/Usted ha(He/She/You formal have) - 6
Nosotros hemos(We have) - 7
Vosotros habéis(You all have) - 8
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes han(They/You all have) - 9Create the past participle of your main verb.
- 10For
-arverbs, drop the ending and add-ado. Example:hablarbecomeshablado. - 11For
-erand-irverbs, drop the ending and add-ido. Example:comerbecomescomido. - 12Put them together.
- 13
He comido(I have eaten). - 14
Has hablado(You have spoken).
When To Use It
Use this tense when the past still feels present. Use it for actions in a time that is not over. Words like hoy (today) or esta semana (this week) are clues. If you say "Today I have eaten a taco," use this tense. The day is not finished yet. You also use it for life experiences. Have you ever been to Madrid? Use haber! It is great for ordering food too. "I have decided on the fish." It feels immediate and relevant. Think of it like a grammar traffic light. It is green for anything connected to right now.
When Not To Use It
Do not use this for a specific, finished time. If you mention "yesterday" (ayer), stop right there. If you mention "last year" (el año pasado), use a different tense. In Latin America, people use this tense less often. They often prefer the Simple Past for everything. However, everyone will still understand you perfectly. Avoid using it for stories from long ago. If it feels like ancient history, it probably is. This tense likes to stay fresh and recent.
Common Mistakes
Many people try to split the two verbs. Never put a word between haber and the participle. "He siempre comido" is wrong. Say Siempre he comido. Another mistake is changing the participle's gender. Unlike adjectives, the participle stays the same. It always ends in o. Do not say "Ellas han comidas." Say Ellas han comido. Also, do not confuse haber with tener. Tener is for possession. Haber is for this grammar rule. Yes, even native speakers mess this up sometimes! Just keep the team together.
Contrast With Similar Patterns
In English, we have the same structure. "I have eaten" matches He comido perfectly. But Spanish is more strict about the "unfinished time" rule. In English, you might say "I have seen him yesterday." In Spanish, that is a big no-no. If you see ayer, you must switch gears. The Pretérito Perfecto is for the "now" zone. The Pretérito Indefinido is for the "then" zone. One is a circle around today. The other is a dot in the past.
Quick FAQ
Q. Is the 'h' in haber silent?
A. Yes, always silent! Pronounce he like the letter 'e'.
Q. Can I just say the participle?
A. No, the helper verb haber is mandatory. Don't let it ghost you!
Q. Are there irregulars?
A. Yes, a few like hecho (done) and dicho (said). They are common, so learn them early.
Q. Does this work for the future?
A. No, this is strictly for the past and present connection.
Reference Table
| Subject | Haber (Present) | Participle (-AR / -ER-IR) | Full Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yo | he | trabajado / bebido | He trabajado mucho hoy. |
| Tú | has | estudiado / vivido | ¿Has vivido en España? |
| Él/Ella | ha | comprado / leído | Ella ha comprado pan. |
| Nosotros | hemos | jugado / salido | Hemos salido tarde. |
| Vosotros | habéis | viajado / visto | ¿Habéis visto la película? |
| Ellos/Ustedes | han | ganado / vuelto | Ellos han ganado el juego. |
The Glue Rule
Think of 'haber' and the participle as being glued together. Nothing—not even 'no' or 'siempre'—can get between them.
The 'H' is Ghostly
Remember that the 'h' in 'he, has, ha' is silent. If you pronounce it like an English 'h', you'll sound like a pirate!
Regional Flavor
If you are in Spain, use this tense for everything that happened today. In Mexico, you might hear the simple past more often for the same actions.
Social Icebreaker
Asking '¿Has probado...?' (Have you tried...?) is the perfect way to start a conversation about food or travel in any Spanish-speaking country.
例文
8Hoy he desayunado fruta.
Focus: he desayunado
Today I have eaten fruit for breakfast.
Uses 'hoy', so the time period is still open.
¿Has estado en México alguna vez?
Focus: Has estado
Have you ever been to Mexico?
Used for experiences at any point in your life.
Juan ha hecho la tarea.
Focus: ha hecho
Juan has done the homework.
'Hacer' becomes 'hecho', not 'hacido'.
Todavía no hemos visto esa serie.
Focus: no hemos visto
We haven't seen that series yet.
The 'no' goes before the verb 'haber'.
Usted ha dicho la verdad.
Focus: ha dicho
You (formal) have told the truth.
'Decir' is an irregular participle: 'dicho'.
✗ Yo he ya comido → ✓ Yo ya he comido.
Focus: ya he comido
I have already eaten.
Never put words between 'he' and 'comido'.
✗ Ellas han llegadas → ✓ Ellas han llegado.
Focus: han llegado
They have arrived.
Participles in this tense do not change for gender or plural.
Esta mañana me he levantado a las seis.
Focus: me he levantado
This morning I got up at six.
Reflexive pronouns go before 'haber'.
自分をテスト
Complete the sentence with the correct form of the Present Perfect.
Esta semana nosotros ___ (ir) al cine.
We use 'hemos' for 'nosotros' and the participle of 'ir' is 'ido'.
Choose the correct irregular participle.
¿Qué ___ (hacer) tú hoy?
'Hacer' is irregular. The 'tú' form of 'haber' is 'has'.
Identify the correct word order.
Yo ___ la película.
The negative 'no' must always come before the auxiliary verb 'haber'.
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ビジュアル学習ツール
Present Perfect vs. Simple Past
Choosing the Right Tense
Is the time period finished (e.g., yesterday)?
Is it a life experience with no date?
Participle Endings
Regular -AR
- • Hablado
- • Caminado
Regular -ER/-IR
- • Comido
- • Vivido
Irregulars
- • Hecho
- • Dicho
- • Visto
よくある質問
20 問It is a past tense used for actions connected to the present. You form it using haber and a past participle like he comido.
Not at all! Since it uses a formula, you only need to learn one verb conjugation (haber) and two endings (-ado, -ido).
Yes, but mostly for life experiences or things that just happened. In Spain, it is used much more frequently for anything that happened today.
It is a compound tense. The first word (haber) tells us who did it, and the second word (participle) tells us what they did.
No, never split the pair. You should say Yo he comido or just He comido.
You use the verb estar or ser. For example, He estado en casa means 'I have been at home'.
The ending is -ado. So hablar becomes hablado.
Both use the ending -ido. For example, comer becomes comido and vivir becomes vivido.
No, tener is for owning things like Tengo un gato. Haber is only used as a helper for tenses like this one.
Use hoy with this tense because the day isn't over. Example: Hoy he bebido mucha agua.
Usually no. For 'yesterday', you should use the Pretérito Indefinido (e.g., comí).
The big ones are hecho (hacer), dicho (decir), visto (ver), and escrito (escribir).
It is definitely hecho. Hacido is a common mistake that will make native speakers smile!
Put the no at the very beginning: No he comido. The no never goes between the two verbs.
No, in this tense, the participle is frozen. Even if a woman is speaking, she says He comido, not He comida.
He estado feels like it just happened or is still relevant. Estuve feels like a finished chapter in the past.
Yes, it is very common for reporting progress. For example, He enviado el documento (I have sent the document).
Yes! It is the standard way to ask if someone has ever done something: ¿Has viajado a Japón?
It changes the meaning! He is 'I have', but e is the word for 'and' (used before 'i' sounds). Always keep your 'h'!
It is very close! If you can say 'I have [verb]' in English, you can usually use this tense in Spanish.
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