Passive Voice for Formal Academic Objectivity

It creates a tone of objectivity and professionalism. By removing the 'I' or 'we', the focus shifts entirely to the research findings and facts, which is the gold standard in academia.

Meaning-wise, they are almost identical. كُتِبَ is the classical internal passive, while تمّ كتابة is a modern stylistic alternative that is easier to pronounce and very common in media and reports.

Yes, especially in formal presentations or news broadcasts. In casual dialect, however, specific passive forms (like انكسر) are more common than the formal فُعِلَ pattern.

Hollow verbs (middle vowel) undergo a shift. قال (he said) becomes قِيلَ (it was said). باع (he sold) becomes بِيعَ (it was sold).

Both من طرف and من قبل are influenced by foreign languages (like French and English). While found in media, purists advise avoiding them. Use active voice if the agent is important.

Ideally, you don't. Rewrite it in active voice. Instead of 'The study was done by Ahmed', say 'Ahmed did the study' (أجرى أحمد الدراسة).

Yes, when followed by a Masdar (verbal noun). يتمّ العمل literally means 'The work is being completed/done'.

Rarely in the academic sense. You wouldn't say 'It was felt that...' (شُعِرَ أن) in a lab report. Stick to cognitive verbs like observed, deduced, or concluded.

Context! If the subject is an inanimate object (like 'the report'), it can't 'write' itself, so it must be 'written' (كُتِبَ).

It is 'reflexive' or 'passive-like' (mutawa'a). انكسر means 'it broke' or 'it got broken'. It doesn't imply an agent, whereas كُسِرَ implies someone broke it.

Try سُلِّطَ الضوء على (Light was shed on...), أُجْرِيَت مقارنة (A comparison was conducted...), or يُهْدَفُ من هذا البحث (It is intended by this research...).

Yes! The original object becomes the نائب فاعل (deputy subject) and takes the nominative case (Damma). ضَرَبَ الولدُ الكرةَ (Active) -> ضُرِبَتِ الكرةُ (Passive).

Yes. كان يُعْتَقَدُ (It used to be believed). This puts the passive state in the past.

Yes, variation keeps the text alive. Just don't switch confusingly within the same clause.

رُؤِيَ (was seen). It looks a bit weird, so often لُوحِظَ (was observed) or شُوهِدَ (was witnessed) are used instead.

Intransitive verbs (verbs without an object) usually cannot be passive unless followed by a preposition. جلس (sat) -> جُلِسَ عليه (It was sat upon).

يُقال (Yuqal). It is very common for citing general knowledge or rumors.

That is the 'Active Voice' (built for the known). Passive is المبني للمجهول (built for the unknown).

The verb تمّ matches the gender of the Masdar if the Masdar is treated as a subject, but usually, تمّ stays masculine because the Masdar is masculine. If the noun following is feminine, you might hear تمّت, but تمّ is safer with Masdars.

Absolutely. 'The invoice was paid' (دُفِعَت الفاتورة or تمّ دفع الفاتورة) is standard business correspondence.

Take a news article and try to identify all the passive verbs. Then, try to rewrite them in active voice to see the difference in tone.