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The form, shape, or structure of something, or the specific way in which something exists or manifests itself.

A fact or situation that is observed to exist or happen, especially one whose cause or explanation is in question. It refers to an observable event.

The effect that two or more things have on each other, or the process of communication and reaction between people or systems.

The relationship between an event (the cause) and a second event (the effect), where the second event is understood as a physical consequence of the first.

Completing or enhancing each other; two different things that work well together because they provide what the other lacks.

A value expressed in numbers. Used frequently in IELTS Task 1 to describe data points on graphs and charts.

To reject or dismiss a proposal, appeal, or hypothesis. In statistics, it specifically refers to rejecting the null hypothesis.

The process of changing to suit different conditions or a new environment. It can be biological or psychological.

An ingredient or a constituent part of a substance or mixture, especially in chemistry or nutrition.

A point, line, or edge beyond which something cannot or may not proceed. Used in academic contexts to discuss the limitations of theories or resources.