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noun

The state of being useful, profitable, or beneficial; the advantage gained from something.

"يجب أن يهدف العلم إلى تحقيق منفعة البشرية."

noun

The process of working together to the same end; collaboration between groups or individuals.

"تم إنجاز المشروع بفضل التعاون بين الفريقين."

noun

The action of profiting or gaining an advantage from something; making good use of resources.

"يمكنك الاستفادة من المكتبة الجامعية مجاناً."

noun

The fact or condition of continuing without interruption; persistence in an activity or state.

"الاستمرار في المحاولة هو سر النجاح."

noun

The act of joining, participating in, or becoming deeply involved in an activity, group, or organization.

"يجب تشجيع انخراط الخريجين في العمل التطوعي."

noun

The act of moving back or away from a place or situation; quitting a competition or a social setting.

"أدى انسحاب اللاعب إلى خسارة فريقه."

noun

The act of providing someone with a reason for doing something or the state of being enthusiastic about an activity. In a TOEFL context, it refers to psychological or educational drivers of behavior.

"يعد التحفيز الذاتي عنصراً أساسياً للنجاح الأكاديمي."

noun

The act of explaining the meaning of something or a particular understanding of a text or situation. Vital for TOEFL 'Reading' and 'Listening' sections.

"قدم العالم تفسيراً منطقياً لهذه الظاهرة الطبيعية."

noun

A hurdle or obstacle that prevents progress or makes it difficult. Often used in TOEFL to describe challenges in scientific research or historical progress.

"واجه المشروع عقبات مالية كبيرة في بدايته."

noun

The state of things overlapping or interfering with one another. Frequently used in TOEFL science passages (light interference) or social studies (overlapping cultures).

"يحدث تداخل بين الثقافات في المدن الكبرى."

noun

The action of challenging or disagreeing with a statement, plan, or law. Crucial for TOEFL Integrated Speaking/Writing where one source disagrees with another.

"قدم الطالب اعتراضاً على درجة الامتحان."

adjective

Relating to or based on experiments or trial-and-error; preliminary or not yet final.

"هذا العلاج لا يزال في مرحلة تجريبية."

noun

The act of relying on or being based on a specific source of information, theory, or evidence. Essential for citing sources in academic writing.

"تم اتخاذ القرار استناداً إلى تقارير الخبراء."

adjective

Relating to practical work done by a scientist, researcher, or student in the real world rather than in a library or laboratory.

"قام الطلاب ببحث ميداني في القرية."

noun

The process of establishing the truth of something through evidence or logic. A key concept in TOEFL scientific and mathematical contexts.

"قدم العالم إثباتاً جديداً لنظرية النسبية."

noun

The act of guiding, directing, or providing instructions. Often refers to 'academic advising' or 'guidance' in a university setting (TOEFL campus life).

"يحتاج الطلاب الجدد إلى توجيه أكاديمي مكثف."

noun

The act of making something or someone immune or protected, often against disease (vaccination) or ideological influence.

"بدأت حملة تحصين الأطفال ضد الشلل."

noun

A small individual part of something larger; a minute item or particular. Vital for TOEFL 'Detail' questions in reading and listening.

"شرح الأستاذ التجربة بكل تفصيل."

noun

The state of being scarce or in short supply; rarity. Common in TOEFL passages regarding economics, resources, or rare species.

"تؤدي ندرة المياه إلى صراعات في المنطقة."

noun

A general direction in which something is developing or changing; an inclination or trend.

"هناك توجّه عالمي نحو استخدام الطاقة المتجددة."

noun

The act of giving something and receiving something else in return. Common in TOEFL contexts like 'cultural exchange' or 'gas exchange' in biology.

"يهدف البرنامج إلى تشجيع التبادل الثقافي."

noun

A remark expressing an opinion or reaction, or the act of suspending something. In TOEFL, it can refer to a professor's commentary or the suspension of a policy.

"لم يصدر أي تعليق رسمي من الجامعة."

noun

An official recommendation or endorsement of someone's character, skills, or suitability for a position. It is essential for job and university applications.

"حصل الطالب على خطاب تزكية من أستاذه."

adjective

Very unusual, special, or out of the ordinary; exceeding common standards.

"قدمت الفرقة الموسيقية عرضاً استثنائياً ليلة أمس."

noun

The act of presenting, submitting, or introducing something. Frequently used for 'submitting an application' or 'giving a presentation' in TOEFL.

"الموعد النهائي لتقديم الطلبات هو غداً."

noun

The act of making something easier to do or understand. Common in TOEFL when discussing how complex theories are explained to the public.

"حاول الكاتب تبسيط المفاهيم العلمية المعقدة."

noun

A position on a scale of amount, quality, or importance; or a flat surface. Frequently used for 'educational level' or 'sea level' in TOEFL.

"ارتفع مستوى المعيشة في العقد الأخير."

noun

The state of being strong, active, and energetic; also refers to something essential for life or the continued existence of a system.

"تحتاج المدن الكبرى إلى مساحات خضراء لتجديد حيويتها."

noun

A substance or factor that increases the rate of a chemical reaction or encourages a process to happen. In a broader context, it refers to any incentive or stimulus that provokes activity or change.

"كان التطور التكنولوجي مُحَفِّزاً رئيسياً لتغيير سوق العمل العالمي."

noun

The action of departing from an established course or accepted standard. In statistics, it refers to the difference between a value and the mean.

"يجب مراقبة أي اِنْحِرَاف عن المسار المحدد للمشروع."

noun

A particular order in which related events, movements, or things follow each other. It is also used in biology to describe the order of nucleotides in DNA.

"يعتمد فهم القصة على معرفة التَسَلْسُل الزمني للأحداث."

noun

The process of removing impurities or unwanted elements. In business, it refers to closing a company or settling debts; in common use, it refers to clearing or filtering.

"أعلنت الشركة عن تصفية أعمالها في المنطقة."

noun

The act of creating, introducing, or inventing something new for the first time, such as a law, a method, or a technological feature.

"تم استحداث نظام جديد لتسجيل الطلاب."

noun

A word or phrase used to describe a specific thing or to express a concept, especially within a particular field of study or profession.

"يجب على الطالب تعريف كل مُصْطَلَح علمي يستخدمه في بحثه."

noun

The process of proving a statement, theory, or idea using evidence and logic. It is the systematic method used to demonstrate that something is true.

"صعبت برهنة هذه النظرية علمياً."

noun

The ability to detect or perceive something through senses or electronic sensors; often used in a technical context like 'remote sensing'.

"تستخدم الأقمار الصناعية تقنيات الاستشعار عن بعد."