反之

To change something so that it is the opposite of what it was before; to reverse a trend or situation.

To make something happen, usually something bad. A key word for analyzing cause and effect in IELTS essays.

Used to introduce a fact that makes the main statement surprising. It functions like 'although' or 'even though' in English.

Relating to a particular thing rather than a general one; clear and detailed. It is the opposite of abstract or vague.

Used to indicate that something else is also true in addition to the first thing mentioned. It is usually paired with '而且' or '也'.

Used to emphasize the real facts of a situation, especially when they are different from what people believe or expect. Functions like 'actually' or 'in fact'.

To decide definitely or to find out exactly. It involves making something certain or confirming a fact.

A state or circumstance that must exist before something else can happen; also refers to the state of something regarding its quality or appearance.

Not qualified or limited in any way; total. Used to emphasize that something is completely true or certain.

A combination of statements, ideas, or features of a situation that are opposed to one another. It can also refer to a disagreement or conflict between people.