جوهر

The act of giving more weight to one opinion or possibility over another, or the likelihood that something is true. It involves critical weighing of evidence.

A self-evident truth or a statement that is accepted as true without proof. It is a fundamental principle that serves as a starting point for further reasoning.

The quality of having two parts or aspects; often used to describe double standards or the presence of two conflicting systems.

A mental image, concept, or perception of how something is or could be. It refers to the internal understanding of an idea.

Based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system. Often used in linguistics or when criticizing unfair decisions.

The act of raising doubts or questioning the truth, validity, or reliability of something.

Based on or in accordance with reason or logic. It describes a person or a decision that is sensible and not driven by emotion alone.

Fundamental truths or propositions that serve as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior, or for a chain of reasoning.

A reason or explanation that defends or explains an action or belief, showing it to be right or reasonable.

Based on or in accordance with reason or logic; rational.