استشهاد

A person who takes part in an activity, event, or study. It is commonly used in research contexts for those being studied.

Serving as or conforming to a standard of measurement, value, or behavior. It is used to describe things that follow a set norm or benchmark.

To deal with, discuss, or treat a subject in an essay, speech, or book. It can also mean to take or eat food/medicine.

The act of giving a brief statement of the main points of something. It is a vital skill for students and professionals to save time.

A gift or payment to a common fund or collection; the part played by a person or thing in bringing about a result.

Serving as a perfect or representative example of a quality or type.

A passage or remark repeated by someone other than the original author or speaker; quoted. In academic writing, it refers to text taken from a source.

To suppose that something is the case on the basis of probability or theory rather than proof. This is a key verb for TOEFL listening and speaking tasks.

The end or finish of an event or process; the final part of a piece of writing or speech.

To state with force or give special importance to something; to confirm or emphasize.