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The action of showing something to be right or reasonable, or an explanation provided to excuse a behavior.

A person or thing holding a position or performing a function that corresponds to that of another person or thing in another place.

A formal assessment or examination of something, or a display/parade intended to show off skills or strength.

Of crucial importance in relation to the development or success of something else. It describes something that acts as a center or a main turning point.

The state of being completely absorbed or immersed in something, or the duration it takes for something to happen.

Being the only one of its kind; unlike anything else. It describes something exceptional, unique, or peerless.

A hurdle or obstacle that prevents progress or makes it difficult. Often used in TOEFL to describe challenges in scientific research or historical progress.

A general direction in which something is developing or changing; an inclination or trend.

A remark expressing an opinion or reaction, or the act of suspending something. In TOEFL, it can refer to a professor's commentary or the suspension of a policy.

Very unusual, special, or out of the ordinary; exceeding common standards.