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A logarithm is a mathematical value that represents the power to which a fixed number, called the base, must be raised to produce a given number. It is essentially the inverse operation of exponentiation, commonly used to simplify complex calculations in science and engineering.

Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that studies the relationships between the lengths and angles of triangles. It is used to find unknown measurements in shapes and is essential in fields like physics and engineering.

A fraction is a small part or amount of something larger. In mathematics, it is a way to show a number that is not a whole number, such as 1/2 or 3/4.

An integer is a whole number that does not have a fraction or a decimal part. It can be a positive number, a negative number, or zero.

A gas with no color, taste, or smell that is necessary for all human and animal life. It makes up about 21 percent of the Earth's atmosphere and is essential for the process of breathing.

Hydrogen is a chemical element that is the lightest and most common gas in the universe. It has no color or smell and combines with oxygen to make water (H2O).

Nitrogen is a colorless and odorless gas that makes up most of the Earth's atmosphere. It is a chemical element that is essential for all living things to grow, especially plants.

A polymer is a large molecule made of many smaller units that are connected in a long chain. These materials can be natural, like rubber or wood, or synthetic, like plastic and nylon.

A prime number is a whole number greater than 1 that cannot be made by multiplying other whole numbers. It can only be divided evenly by itself and the number 1.

A ratio is a way to compare two amounts of things. It shows how much of one thing there is compared to another thing, like 2 parts water to 1 part juice.