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Steady and stable without much fluctuation or change; often used to describe data trends or movement.

The internal structure, composition, or arrangement of a complex object, such as a machine, a biological organism, or a geological formation.

To improve something by making small changes, especially regarding technology, seeds/breeds in agriculture, or social systems. It is less radical than 'reform' (改革).

The process of one thing replacing another in a regular or cyclical way, such as seasons, generations, or historical eras.

A formal term combining 'investigation' (调查) and 'research' (研究). It refers to the process of gathering data and analyzing it for professional or academic purposes.

The result or outcome of a specific process, historical period, or set of circumstances.

A justification or explanation for something; the motive or basis for an action or belief.

Not direct; occurring through an intermediary or as a secondary result.

Positive or favorable; also refers to the front side of an object.

Thorough, profound, or in-depth; usually describing an analysis, understanding, or explanation that covers all aspects clearly.