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Describing Actions and Obligations

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B1 pronouns 4 min de lecture

Using the Relative Pron

Marquer comme appris

Use the `Jo` ... `Voh` pair to connect a description to a specific person or object, like 'who' and 'that'.

The Rule in 30 Seconds

  • Jo (Relative) pairs with Voh (Correlative).
  • Jo clause identifies; Voh clause concludes.
  • Change Jo to Jis/Jin with postpositions.
  • Never use question word 'Kaun' here.

Quick Reference

Case Singular (Relative) Plural (Relative) Correlative (Main Clause)
Direct (Subject) `jo` (who/which) `jo` (who/which) `voh` / `ve`
Oblique (with `ne`, `ko`, etc.) `jis` `jin` `us` / `un`
Possessive ('whose') `jis ka` `jin ka` `us ka` / `un ka`
Object ('whom') `jise` / `jis ko` `jinheN` / `jin ko` `use` / `unheN`
Place ('where') `jahaaN` - `wahaaN`
Time ('when') `jab` - `tab`

Exemples clés

3 sur 10
1

जो लड़की वहाँ खड़ी है, वह मेरी बहन है।

The girl who is standing there is my sister.

2

जिस आदमी ने तुम्हें कॉल किया, वह बॉस है।

The man who called you is the boss.

3

जो किताबें सस्ती थीं, मैंने खरीद लीं।

I bought the books that were cheap.

🎯

The Comma is Key

Always pause (comma) between the 'Jo' part and the 'Voh' part. It helps your listener reset their brain to hear the main point.

⚠️

Avoid the 'Double Jo'

Don't say 'Jo laDka jo...' Just one 'jo' per clause is enough! It sounds like stuttering otherwise.

The Rule in 30 Seconds

  • Jo (Relative) pairs with Voh (Correlative).
  • Jo clause identifies; Voh clause concludes.
  • Change Jo to Jis/Jin with postpositions.
  • Never use question word 'Kaun' here.

Overview

Meet the ultimate sentence glues: jo (who/which) and voh (he/she/that). In English, we say "The man who called me is here." In Hindi, we flip the script slightly to say, "(Who) man called me, (he) is here." This structure allows you to connect two ideas into one sophisticated sentence. It's the difference between sounding like a robot ("I saw a man. He was tall.") and a fluent speaker ("The man I saw was tall.").

How This Grammar Works

Hindi loves pairs. Just like you have "if... then" (agar... toh), you have "relative... correlative" pairs. The relative part starts with a J-word (like jo), and the correlative part usually responds with a V-word (like voh).

Think of them as a call and response. The jo clause identifies *who* or *what* we are talking about. The voh clause tells us the news about them. They are like best friends; if you invite jo to the party, voh usually needs to come along to complete the thought.

Formation Pattern

  1. 1Building these sentences is like making a sandwich. Here is your recipe:
  2. 2The Identifier (Jo clause): Start with jo + the noun + the description.
  3. 3The Pause: Add a comma. This is crucial for rhythm.
  4. 4The Main Point (Voh clause): Start with voh (or its forms like us, un) + the rest of the sentence.
  5. 5*Example:* Jo laDka wahaaN hai, voh mera dost hai. (The boy who is there, he is my friend.)

When To Use It

Use this pattern whenever you want to define a specific person or object based on an action or quality. It is perfect for:

  • Clarifying identity: "The book *that* you gave me."
  • Adding detail: "The place *where* we met."
  • Job interviews: "The skills *that* I learned..."
  • Gossiping: "The guy *who* was shouting yesterday..." (Yes, grammar is vital for drama).

When Not To Use It

Don't use jo for simple questions. Jo is not kaun (Who?).

  • Wrong: Jo wahaaN hai? (Who is there?)
  • Right: Kaun wahaaN hai?

Also, avoid it when a simple adjective will do. If you just mean "The tall boy," say lamba laDka. You don't always need "The boy who is tall" (Jo laDka lamba hai). Keep it simple unless you need the complexity.

Common Mistakes

  • Forgetting the voh: In English, we don't say "The man who came, *he* is my dad." We just say "is my dad." In Hindi, that second voh is often required for emphasis and structure.
  • Mixing up Jo and Kaun: Beginners love using kaun (question word) as a connector. Big no-no. It sounds like "The man *who?* came is my dad."
  • Oblique Case Ouchies: Remember, if there is a postposition (like ne, ko, se) involved, jo changes to jis (singular) or jin (plural). Ignoring this is like wearing socks with sandals—technically functional, but everyone notices.

Contrast With Similar Patterns

  • Jo vs. Ki: Ki means "that" connecting two clauses (He said *that* he is busy). Jo means "who/which" describing a noun (The man *who* is busy). Don't swap them!
  • Jo vs. Waala: You can often replace a jo sentence with a waala phrase. Jo laDka naach rahaa hai (The boy who is dancing) -> Naachne waala laDka (The dancing boy). Waala is the casual, shortcut version.

Quick FAQ

Q: Can I put the voh part first?

Yes! Voh mera dost hai, jo wahaaN hai. It puts more emphasis on the "friend" part. But the Jo... Voh order is classic.

Q: Do I always need jo?

In casual speech, sometimes people drop the jo if the context is obvious, but voh (or the specific noun) usually stays. Stick to the full pair while learning.

Reference Table

Case Singular (Relative) Plural (Relative) Correlative (Main Clause)
Direct (Subject) `jo` (who/which) `jo` (who/which) `voh` / `ve`
Oblique (with `ne`, `ko`, etc.) `jis` `jin` `us` / `un`
Possessive ('whose') `jis ka` `jin ka` `us ka` / `un ka`
Object ('whom') `jise` / `jis ko` `jinheN` / `jin ko` `use` / `unheN`
Place ('where') `jahaaN` - `wahaaN`
Time ('when') `jab` - `tab`
🎯

The Comma is Key

Always pause (comma) between the 'Jo' part and the 'Voh' part. It helps your listener reset their brain to hear the main point.

⚠️

Avoid the 'Double Jo'

Don't say 'Jo laDka jo...' Just one 'jo' per clause is enough! It sounds like stuttering otherwise.

💬

Inverting for Drama

In Bollywood movies, you'll often hear the 'Voh' part first for dramatic effect: 'Voh aa gaya, jis ka intezaar tha!' (He has arrived, the one who was awaited!).

💡

The 'Wahi' Trick

If you want to say 'The *same* person who...', add 'hi' to 'voh' to make 'wahi'. 'Yeh *wahi* laDka hai jo...' (This is the very same boy who...).

Exemples

10
#1 Jo laDki wahaaN khaDi hai, voh meri behen hai.

जो लड़की वहाँ खड़ी है, वह मेरी बहन है।

Focus: Jo laDki

The girl who is standing there is my sister.

Standard Jo... Voh structure.

#2 Jis aadmi ne tumhe call kiya, voh boss hai.

जिस आदमी ने तुम्हें कॉल किया, वह बॉस है।

Focus: Jis aadmi ne

The man who called you is the boss.

Using 'Jis' because of 'ne' (agentive case).

#3 Jo kitaabeN sasti thiN, maine khareed liN.

जो किताबें सस्ती थीं, मैंने खरीद लीं।

Focus: Jo kitaabeN

I bought the books that were cheap.

Here 'voh' is implied/dropped in the second part, or merged into object.

#4 JahaaN tum jaoge, wahaaN maiN bhi jaunga.

जहाँ तुम जाओगे, वहाँ मैं भी जाऊंगा।

Focus: JahaaN

Where you go, I will go too.

Place relative: JahaaN ... WahaaN.

#5 Jis ghar meiN hum rehte haiN, voh purana hai.

जिस घर में हम रहते हैं, वह पुराना है।

Focus: Jis ghar meiN

The house in which we live is old.

Jis ... meiN (in which).

#6 ✗ Kaun laDka lamba hai, voh mera bhai hai.

✗ कौन लड़का लंबा है, वह मेरा भाई है।

Focus: Jo laDka

Correction: Jo laDka lamba hai...

Never use 'Kaun' (question word) as a relative pronoun.

#7 ✗ Jo laDke ko maine dekha, voh khush tha.

✗ जो लड़के को मैंने देखा, वह खुश था।

Focus: Jis laDke ko

Correction: Jis laDke ko...

Must use oblique 'Jis' with 'ko'.

#8 Jin logoN se maiN mila, ve bahut acche the.

जिन लोगों से मैं मिला, वे बहुत अच्छे थे।

Focus: Jin logoN se

The people whom I met were very nice.

Plural oblique: Jin + postposition 'se'.

#9 Yeh wahi pen hai jo mujhe chahiye tha.

यह वही पेन है जो मुझे चाहिए था।

Focus: wahi pen hai jo

This is the same pen that I wanted.

Inverted structure. 'Wahi' emphasizes 'the same'.

#10 Jise tum dhund rahe ho, voh maiN nahi huN.

जिसे तुम ढूंढ रहे हो, वह मैं नहीं हूँ।

Focus: Jise

I am not the one whom you are looking for.

Jise = Jis ko (to whom).

Teste-toi

Choose the correct relative pronoun.

___ aadmi ne darwaza khola, voh mera naukar hai.

✓ Correct ! ✗ Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte : Jis

Because 'ne' follows the noun, 'Jo' must change to the oblique form 'Jis'.

Complete the pair.

Jo mehnat karega, ___ safal hoga.

✓ Correct ! ✗ Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte : voh

The matching partner for 'Jo' in the main clause is 'Voh' (he/that person).

Select the plural oblique form.

___ bacchoN ko mithai mili, ve khush the.

✓ Correct ! ✗ Pas tout à fait. Rponse correcte : Jin

'BacchoN' is plural oblique, so we need the plural oblique relative pronoun 'Jin'.

🎉 Score : /3

Aides visuelles

Jo vs. Kaun (The Deadly Trap)

Jo (Relative)
Jo laDka... The boy who...
Connects ideas Statement
Kaun (Interrogative)
Kaun laDka? Which boy?
Asks questions Question

Choosing the Right 'J' Word

1

Is there a postposition (ne, ko, se) after the noun?

YES ↓
NO
Use 'Jo'
2

Is the noun plural?

YES
Use 'Jin'
NO
Use 'Jis'

Common J-V Pairs

👤

Person/Thing

  • • Jo... Voh
  • • Jis... Us
📍

Place

  • • JahaaN... WahaaN
  • • Jidhar... Udhar
⏰

Time

  • • Jab... Tab
  • • Jaise... Waise

Questions fréquentes

21 questions

It translates to 'who', 'which', or 'that' depending on context. Unlike English, Hindi uses the same word jo for humans and non-humans.

Absolutely. Jo kitaab (the book which) and Jo aadmi (the man who) are both correct. Hindi does not distinguish between 'who' and 'which' here.

Grammatically, yes, it completes the correlative pair. In very casual slangy speech, people might drop it, but you should keep it to sound educated.

Jo is the direct case (subject). Jis is the oblique case used when a postposition (like ne, ko, se, me) follows the noun. E.g., Jis ne (who [did]).

Use JahaaN. For example: JahaaN tum rehte ho, wahaaN accha mausam hai (Where you live, [there] the weather is nice).

In the direct case, Jo stays Jo for plural (Jo laDke - the boys who). But in the oblique case, Jis becomes Jin.

No! Ki connects clauses (He said *that*...), while Jo acts as a pronoun within the clause (The man *who*...). They are not interchangeable.

Jo, Jis, and Jin do not change for gender. Only the verb in the sentence will show the gender. Jo laDki aayi... (The girl who came...).

Use Jis ka. Jis ki gaaDi yeh hai, voh ameer hai (Whose car this is, he is rich).

No, it is used everywhere. From street vendors distinguishing products (Jo sasta hai - the one that is cheap) to formal speeches.

Jise is a shortcut for Jis ko (to whom/whom). Jise maine dekha = Jis ko maine dekha (The one whom I saw).

Yes, but the grammar changes slightly. Voh laDka mera bhai hai jo wahaaN khaDa hai. It is valid but slightly less common structure for beginners.

You can say Jo bhi or Jo kuch bhi. Jo bhi tum chaho (Whatever you want).

Tab (then). Jab baarish hoti hai, tab mor naachte haiN (When it rains, then peacocks dance).

Waise (like that/so). Jaise tum bologe, waise maiN karunga (As you say, so I will do).

Sometimes speakers use jo ki (which that) to introduce a non-restrictive clause, adding extra info. It's a bit more formal or literary.

It can be both! The verb tells you the number. Jo hai (singular) vs Jo haiN (plural).

Use Jo log (which people) or just Jo with a plural verb. Jo mehnat karte haiN... (Those who work hard...).

Using the question word kaun instead of jo. Never say Kaun laDka to mean 'The boy who'.

Jis din maiN tumse mila. Here we use Jis because din acts as a specific time point.

Yes, similar to 'which' in English. 'He lied, *which* is bad' -> Usne jhoot bola, jo galat hai.

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