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Describing something that is groundbreaking, innovative, or opens a new era in a particular field. It is frequently used in academic writing to describe new theories or technologies that change the status quo.

To build or construct something complex, like a system, theory, infrastructure, or relationship.

A piece of equipment or a mechanism designed to serve a specific purpose or perform a particular function.

Featuring new methods; advanced and original. It refers to ideas or products that represent a significant change or improvement over traditional methods.

The act of scattering or spreading things over a wide area; or in statistics, the extent to which values in a distribution differ from the average.

To devise or invent a new plan, method, or device through careful thought and ingenuity.

A celestial body orbiting the earth or another planet, or an artificial body placed in orbit round the earth. Common in IELTS topics about space, communication, and climate monitoring.

A state where two or more things operate together or where a change in one causes a change in another. Used in mechanics, software, and economics.

To break down complex data or phenomena into simpler parts to understand their structure or nature. It is more technical/mathematical than 'bunseki' (analysis).

Seinō refers to the performance, efficiency, or functional capacity of a machine, device, or system. It describes how well a piece of technology operates relative to its intended purpose.